1、Designation: D 5322 98 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Practice forLaboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating theChemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ad
2、option or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion proceduresfor the testing of
3、 geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquidwastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derivedfrom solid wastes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all o
4、f thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazardsstatements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Docum
5、ents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD 543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics toChemical ReagentsD 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis-tance of Geome
6、mbranes to Liquids2.2 Other Document:SW 846, Method 9090 Compatibility Test for Wastes andMembrane Liners33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of many terms used in thispractice, refer to Terminologies D 123 and D 4439.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 chemical resist
7、ancethe ability to resist chemicalattack.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe attack is dependent on the testmethod, and its severity is measured by determining thechanges in physical properties. Time, temperature, stress, andreagent may all be factors affecting the chemical resistance ofa material.3.2.2 geosynthe
8、tic, na planar product manufactured frompolymeric material used with soil, rock, earth, or other geo-technical engineering-related material as an integral part of aman-made project, structure, or system.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedurefor investigating
9、 the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to aliquid waste, leachate, or chemical. The conditions specified inthis practice are intended both to provide a basis of standard-ization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare orinvestigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic materi-al
10、(s).4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, thebehavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Suchbehavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be definedonly in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods oftesting and evaluation criteria selected by the user.4.3 Wit
11、hout regulatory approval, this practice does notsupersede testing requirements, such as SW 846, Method 9090,stipulated by regulatory agencies.5. Apparatus5.1 Exposure Tank, for containment of the solution and testmaterial. The tank must be chemically resistant and imperme-able to the solution being
12、used. Stainless steel or glass isrecommended. Glass should not be used with strongly basicsolutions.5.1.1 The size of the exposure tank is not specified since thevolume of liquid to be used with any given amount ofimmersed geosynthetic has not been standardized by ASTM orspecified by the Environment
13、al Protection Agency at the timeof the writing of this practice. Sufficient liquid must be used toensure the presence of any potentially detrimental chemicalsthroughout the immersion. If sufficiently large exposure tanks1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn-thetics
14、 and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on EnduranceProperties.Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published July 2009. Originally approvedin 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2003 D 5322 98 (2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcont
15、act ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from US EPA, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, TestMethods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods.1
16、Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.are not possible, or if it is suspected that trace amounts ofchemicals may be depleted from the liquid during the expo-sure, smaller tanks may be used if the immersion liquid isreplaced
17、with fresh solution after each test period.5.2 Exposure Tank Lid, for sealing the tank. In order toprevent the loss of volatile components of interest, the tankmust be capable of being sealed with a chemically resistantmaterial.5.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, agreed upon, or required,provisions mu
18、st be made for maintaining ambient atmosphericpressure in the tank. Using a reflex condenser open to the air,a pressure relief valve or any method allowing the movementof gas to relieve pressure while minimizing changes in thechemical composition of the test solution is acceptable (see9.7). The purp
19、ose of this feature of the equipment is to preventpressure buildup in an exposure tank from the generation ofgases by chemical reactions or biological activity.5.2.2 Pressurized tanks that maintain a constant pressuremay be used as an alternative to 5.2.1 when the maintenance ofa pressure other than
20、 ambient atmospheric pressure is speci-fied, agreed upon, or required.5.3 Temperature Control Equipment, to maintain the immer-sion solution at the specified temperature. Options that haveworked well are the following: (1) a hot water bath to containthe exposure tank; (2) a heating coil wrapped arou
21、nd the tank,or a hot plate used in conjunction with a thermostat andthermocouple; and (3) a room controlled at the exposuretemperature for storing the tank. Placing a heating coil directlyin the exposure solution is not recommended since corrosionmay affect the coil, and chemical reactions that may
22、nototherwise occur may occur on a hot coil.5.4 Stirrer, if required (see 9.4), for mixing the solution.Magnetically moved stirring bars and mechanical stirrersentering the tank through the lid will both work, depending onthe temperature control procedure.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Immersion Soluti
23、onThe solutions potentially usedwith this practice have large differences in origin. The user ofthis practice must determine the correct solution for use in theparticular application. Liquid wastes, leachates collected fromexisting installations, leachates made from solid wastes, syn-thetic leachate
24、s made from laboratory chemicals, standardchemical solutions (Test Method D 543), and reference fuelsand oils (Test Method D 471) are some of the possibilities.7. Hazards7.1 The solutions used in this practice may contain hazard-ous chemicals. Precautions must be taken when handlinghazardous waste,
25、chemicals, and immersion solutions. Protec-tive equipment suitable for the chemicals being used must beworn by all personnel handling or exposed to the chemicals.Care should be taken when opening storage vessels at elevatedtemperatures, due to the increased volatility of organics andincreased activi
26、ty of acids and bases. Care must also be takento prevent the spilling of hazardous materials, and provisionsmust be made to clean up any accidental spills that do occur.8. Sampling8.1 Samples of the geosynthetic(s) to be immersed shouldbe taken in a manner appropriate for the particular material. It
27、is essential that all of the material immersed, as well as theunexposed material to be tested, have physical properties thatare as similar as possible. Refer to the section on sampling inthe applicable standard for the chemical resistance of thespecific geosynthetic to be tested.9. Procedure9.1 Tank
28、 PreparationClean the tank and lid thoroughlyprior to introduction of the sample or liquid. Use distilled ordeionized water for the final rinse of the cleaning procedure.9.2 Sample ExposureHold the geosynthetic material to beimmersed in place in the exposure container in such a way thatcontact with
29、the container and other sheets of material islimited as much as possible.9.2.1 Do not immerse different types of geosynthetic mate-rials in the same immersion vessel.9.2.2 Add the liquid to the tank with the test samples inplace. The liquid must cover the samples completely.9.2.3 If the liquid is pl
30、aced in the tank at ambient tempera-ture and heated subsequently to an elevated immersion tem-perature, the liquid will expand to a greater volume. This canresult in the volume of the liquid exceeding the capacity of thetank and thus a spill of hazardous materials. Expansion of theliquid should be a
31、nticipated and procedures prepared for thecontainment of excess liquid.9.3 Sealing the TanksUnless otherwise specified, agreedupon, or required, seal the exposure tanks with no air if thesolution contains volatile organics or if the solution to be incontact with the geosynthetic will exist in the fi
32、eld under buriedconditions. The pressure inside the tank must be the same asthat outside the tank.9.3.1 Do not seal the exposure tanks and leave an air spaceequal to 10 6 2 % of the volume of the exposure tank if thereare no volatile organics in the solution and the geosyntheticwill be used under fr
33、ee air exchange conditions in the field. Ifthe tank is not sealed, the solution must be monitored closelyfor volume changes due to evaporation or water absorption.Evaporation must be minimized as much as possible. Replaceevaporated water with distilled or deionized water. Keep arecord of the volume
34、of water added and the date water wasadded. If the solution picks up moisture, store the tank in alow-humidity environment to eliminate the problem.9.4 Stirring the SolutionStirring the immersion liquid isrequired unless evidence can be offered that stirring is notnecessary to maintain a homogeneous
35、 solution. By keeping thesolution circulating slowly, fresh solution is constantly passingover the surface of the geosynthetic, thereby preventing astagnant layer of reacted or used liquid from existing aroundthe geosynthetic and thus stratification or settling of chemicalconstituents.9.4.1 If the i
36、mmersion liquid consists of two separateimmiscible liquids, and if the volume of the lesser of the twoliquids constitutes a significant portion of the solution (greaterthan 1 %), two separate immersions should be conducted withD 5322 98 (2009)2the two liquids, if it is possible to collect enough of
37、the lessersolution to perform the immersion.9.5 Immersion TemperaturesRecommended standardtemperatures are 23C (73F) and 50C (122F). Highertemperatures may affect the synthetic material adversely in amanner that would not occur at the lower temperatures.Immersion at temperatures above 50C is not rec
38、ommendedunless the material is to be used at higher temperatures.Maintain the temperature of the exposure tanks within 2C(4F) of the selected immersion temperature.NOTE 1Caution must be used in interpreting the results from anelevated temperature immersion. The magnitude of changes seen atelevated t
39、emperatures, such as weight gain, may never occur at roomtemperature, regardless of the exposure period. Biological activity thatmay have an effect on the material may be terminated by the hightemperatures. If possible biological attack on the material is expected,other tests for biological resistan
40、ce should be conducted in addition to thechemical resistance test.9.6 Test Period SelectionIn addition to testing the unex-posed geosynthetic material, conduct testing after four immer-sion periods. Immerse sufficient material for the plannedimmersion periods plus two additional periods. Testing aft
41、ermore than four periods may be necessary, if warranted bychanges observed in the material, or if additional data arenecessary due to erratic or inconclusive results.9.6.1 In the absence of other specifications or user require-ments, the standard immersion periods are 1, 2, 3, and 4months.NOTE 2One
42、month is intended to be approximately 30 days. Monthsare specified rather than a certain number of days in order to allowcompensation for weekends and holidays during a test program.NOTE 3Testing after time periods longer than four months may bedesirable to demonstrate long-term chemical resistance.
43、 Shorter testperiods may be appropriate, if it is necessary to demonstrate only that agross lack of chemical resistance does not exist, or if the geosynthetic isintended for use in contact with the liquid for only a short time period (lessthan the normal four-month immersion period) and is not inten
44、ded for useafter the short-term utilization.9.7 Maintaining Solution ChemistryIf it is suspected thattrace amounts of chemicals may be depleted from the liquid, orthat the chemical nature of the liquid changes with time, it isrecommended that the immersion liquid be replaced with freshsolution after
45、 each test period. If the liquid is to be replacedperiodically, it is important that the fresh liquid be from thesame source as the original liquid and that the fresh liquid beas similar to the original liquid as possible.NOTE 4The solution may need conditioning if it can be demonstratedthat the sol
46、ution chemistry will change under exposure conditions. Ifnecessary, condition the liquid in a container separate from the tankholding the test samples. After 24 hours under exposure conditions, pourthe conditioned liquid into the tank with the test samples in place.9.8 Test ProceduresThe actual phys
47、ical testing of thegeosynthetic materials before and after exposure is not coveredin this practice. Practice D 5747 or SW 846, Method 9090 maybe of interest for geomembrane testing.NOTE 5Additional test procedures for yielding test data are beingprovided in other guides presently being developed by
48、ASTM CommitteeD-35.10. Report10.1 State that the procedures used were as directed in thispractice.10.2 Describe the material or product evaluated and thesampling method.10.3 Include the following information in the report for theimmersion procedure:10.3.1 Description of the origin and chemical chara
49、cter ofthe immersion liquid.10.3.2 Results of the centrifuging, if performed.10.3.3 Composition of the tanks and lids.10.3.4 Manner in which the tanks were sealed (tightly ornot).10.3.5 If the tanks were not sealed, a record of the level ofthe liquids and any water or chemical additions.10.3.6 Whether the liquid was changed after each testperiod. If not, the basis of the decision.10.3.7 If the liquids were stirred, approximate speed andsize of the stirring device.10.3.8 Immersion temperatures.10.3.9 Whether an unacceptable deviation from the allowedtemperat
