1、Designation: D5340 12Standard Test Method forAirport Pavement Condition Index Surveys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5340; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、 parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of airportpavement condition through visual surveys of asphalt-surfacedpavements, including porous fri
3、ction courses, and plain orreinforced jointed portland cement concrete pavements, usingthe Pavement Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifyingpavement condition.1.2 The PCI for airport pavements was developed by the USArmy Corps of Engineers through the funding provided by theU.S. Air Force (1, 2,
4、3).2It is further verified and adopted byFAA (4), and the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command(5).1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not co
5、nsidered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
6、se. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 additional samplea sample unit inspected in addi-tion to the random sample units to include nonrepresentativesample units in the determination of the pavement conditio
7、n.This includes very poor or excellent samples that are nottypical of the section and sample units which contain anunusual distress such as a utility cut. If a sample unitcontaining an unusual distress is chosen at random, it should becounted as an additional sample unit and another randomsample uni
8、t should be chosen. If every sample unit is surveyed,then there are no additional sample units.2.1.2 asphalt concrete (AC) surfaceaggregate mixturewith an asphalt cement binder. This term also refers to surfacesconstructed of coal tars and natural tars for purposes of this testmethod.2.1.3 pavement
9、brancha branch is an identifiable part ofthe pavement network that is a single entity and has a distinctfunction. For example, each runway, taxiway, and apron areasare separate branches.2.1.4 pavement condition index (PCI)a numerical ratingof the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100 with 0be
10、ing the worst possible condition and 100 being the bestpossible condition.2.1.5 pavement condition ratinga verbal description ofpavement condition as a function of the PCI value. Fig. 1shows two examples of PCI rating scales.2.1.6 pavement distressexternal indicators of pavementdeterioration caused
11、by loading, environmental factors, orconstruction deficiencies, or a combination thereof. Typicaldistresses are cracks, rutting, and weathering of the pavementsurface. Distress types and severity levels detailed in AppendixX1 forAC and Appendix X2 for PCC pavements must be usedto obtain an accurate
12、PCI value.2.1.7 pavement sample unita subdivision of a pavementsection that has a standard size range: 20 contiguous slabs (68slabs if the total number of slabs in the section is not evenlydivided by 20, or to accommodate specific field condition) forPCC airfield pavement and 5000 contiguous square
13、feet (62000 ft2(450 6 180 m2) if the pavement is not evenly dividedby 5000, or to accommodate specific field condition) for ACairfield pavement and porous friction surfaces.2.1.8 pavement sectiona contiguous pavement area hav-ing uniform construction, maintenance, usage history, andcondition. A sect
14、ion should also have the same traffic volumeand load intensity.2.1.9 porous friction surfacesopen-graded select aggre-gate mixture with an asphalt cement binder. This is a subset ofasphalt concrete-surfaced pavements.2.1.10 portland cement concrete (PCC) pavementaggregate mixture with portland cemen
15、t binder includingnonreinforced and reinforced jointed pavement.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E17 on Vehicle- Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 onPavement Management and Data Needs.Current edition approved June 1, 2012. Published
16、 May 2013. Originallyapproved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5340 11. DOI:10.1520/D5340-12.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthe text.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.
17、 United States12.1.11 random samplea sample unit of the pavementsection selected for inspection by random sampling techniques,such as a random number table or systematic random proce-dure.3. Summary of Test Method3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that are dividedinto sections. Each section i
18、s divided into sample units. Thetype and severity of airport pavement distress is assessed byvisual inspection of the pavement sample units. The quantity ofthe distress is measured as described in Appendix X1 andAppendix X2. The distress data are used to calculate the PCIfor each sample unit. The PC
19、I of the pavement section isdetermined based on the PCI of the inspected sample unitswithin the section.4. Significance and Use4.1 The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surfacecondition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of thepresent condition of the pavement based on the distres
20、sobserved on the surface of the pavement which also indicatesthe structural integrity and surface operational condition (lo-calized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure thestructural capacity, neither does it provide direct measurementof skid resistance or roughness. It provides an objectiv
21、e andrational basis for determining maintenance and repair needsand priorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used toestablish the rate of pavement deterioration, which permitsearly identification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCIprovides feedback on pavement performance for validation or
22、improvement of current pavement design and maintenanceprocedures.5. Apparatus5.1 Data Sheets, or other field recording instruments thatrecord at a minimum the following information: date, location,branch, section, sample unit size, slab number and size, distresstypes, severity levels, quantities, an
23、d names of surveyors.Example data sheets for AC and PCC pavements are shown inFig. 2 and Fig. 3.5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 0.1 ft(30 mm).5.3 Straightedge or String Line (AC only), 10 ft (3 m).5.4 Scale, 12 in. (300 mm) that reads to18 in. (3 mm) orbetter. Additional 12-in. (3
24、00-mm) ruler or straightedge isneeded to measure faulting in PCC pavements.5.5 Layout Plan, for airport to be inspected.6. Hazards6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors must walk on thepavement to perform the condition survey. Inspection must beapproved by and coordinated with the airport operational
25、 staff.6.2 Noise from aircraft can be a hazard. Hearing protectionmust be available to the inspector at all times when airsideinspections are being performed.7. Sampling and Sample Units7.1 Identify areas of the pavement with different uses suchas runways, taxiways, and aprons on the airport layout
26、plan.7.2 Divide each single-use area into sections based on thepavement design, construction history, traffic, and condition.7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units. If thepavement slabs in PCC have joint spacings greater than 25 ft (8m), subdivide each slab into imaginary slabs. The imag
27、inaryslabs should all be less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m) in length,and the imaginary joints dividing the slabs are assumed to bein perfect condition. This is needed because the deduct valueswere developed for jointed concrete slabs less than or equal to25 ft (8 m).7.4 Individual sample units to be
28、 inspected should bemarked or identified in a manner to allow inspectors andquality control personnel to easily locate them on the pavementsurface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with locationsconnected to physical pavement features are acceptable. Theuse of nails or other potential FOD sou
29、rces is not recom-mended. It is necessary to be able to accurately relocate thesample units to allow verification of current distress data, toFIG. 1 Two Examples of Pavement Condition Index (PCI (trademarked) Rating ScalesD5340 122examine changes in condition with time of a particular sampleunit, an
30、d to enable future inspections of the same sample unitif desired.7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number ofsample units to be inspected may vary from all of the sampleunits in the section, a number of sample units that provides a95 % confidence level, or a lesser number.7.5.1 All sam
31、ple units in the section may be inspected todetermine the average PCI of the section. This is usuallyprecluded for routine management purposes by availablemanpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, however, isdesirable for project analysis to help estimate maintenance andrepair quantities.7.5.2 The
32、minimum number of sample units (n) that must besurveyed within a given section to obtain a statisticallyadequate estimate (95 % confidence) of the PCI of the sectionis calculated using the following formula and rounding n to thenext highest whole number (1).n 5Ns2SSe24DN 2 1!1s2D(1)where:e = accepta
33、ble error in estimating the section PCI.Commonly, e = 65 PCI points,s = standard deviation of the PCI from one sample unit toanother within the section. When performing the initialinspection, the standard deviation is assumed to be tenfor AC pavements and 15 for PCC pavements. Thisassumption should
34、be checked as described below afterPCI values are determined. For subsequent inspectionsthe standard deviation from the preceding inspectionshould be used to determine n, andN = total number of sample units in the section.7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95 % confidence level is critical, theadequacy of the
35、 number of sample units surveyed must beconfirmed. The number of sample units was estimated based onan assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standarddeviation(s) as follows (1):s 5 (i51nPCIi2 PCIf!2n 2 1!(2)FIG. 2 Flexible Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample UnitD5340 123where
36、:PCIi= PCI of surveyed sample unit i,PCIf= mean PCI of surveyed sample units, andn = total number of sample units surveyed.7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of sampleunits (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standarddeviation (Eq 2). If the revised number of sample units to besurve
37、yed is greater than the number of sample units alreadysurveyed, select and survey additional random sample units.These sample units should be evenly spaced across the section.Repeat the process of checking the revised number of sampleunits and surveying additional random sample units until thetotal
38、number of sample units surveyed equals or exceeds theminimum required sample units (n)inEq 1, using the actualtotal sample standard deviation).7.5.3 Alesser sampling rate than the above mentioned 95 %confidence level can be used based on the condition surveyobjective. As an example, one agency uses
39、the following tablefor selecting the number of sample units to be inspected forother than project analysis:Given Survey1 to 5 sample units 1 sample unit6 to 10 sample units 2 sample units11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units16 to 40 sample units 4 sample unitsover 40 sample units 10 %7.6 Once the num
40、ber of sample units to be inspected hasbeen determined, compute the spacing interval of the unitsusing systematic random sampling. Samples are equally spacedthroughout the section with the first sample selected at random.The spacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculatedby the followi
41、ng formula rounded to the next lowest wholenumber:i 5Nn(3)where:N = total number of sample units in the section, andn = number of sample units to be inspected.The first sample unit to be inspected is selected at randomfrom sample units 1 through i. The sample units within asection that are successiv
42、e increments of the interval i after thefirst randomly selected unit are also inspected.7.7 Additional sample units are only to be inspected whennonrepresentative distresses are observed as defined in 2.1.1.These sample units are selected by the user.8. Inspection Procedure8.1 The definitions and gu
43、idelines for quantifying distressesfor PCI determination are given in Appendix X1 for ACpavements. Other related references (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) arealso available that discuss distress survey; however, when thematerial in these references conflict with the definitions in-cluded in this test meth
44、od, the definitions in this test methodare used.8.2 AC Surfaced Pavement, Including Porous FrictionSurfacesIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen.Sketch the sample unit, including orientation. Record thebranch and section number, and number and type of the sampleunit (random or additional). Re
45、cord the sample unit sizemeasured with the hand odometer. Conduct the distress inspec-tion by walking over the sample unit being surveyed, measur-ing the quantity of each severity level of every distress typepresent, and recording the data. Distresses must correspond intypes and severities to those
46、described in Appendix X1. Themethod of measurement is included with each distress descrip-tion. Measurements should be made to 60.1 ft (30 mm) withthe hand odometer. Summarize each distress type and severitylevel in either square feet or linear feet (square metres or linearmetres), depending on the
47、type of distress. Repeat this proce-dure for each sample unit to be inspected. A blank “FlexiblePavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit” isincluded in Appendix X5.8.3 PCC PavementsIndividually inspect each sample unitchosen. Sketch the sample unit showing the location of theslabs. Recor
48、d the sample unit size, branch and section number,number and type of the sample unit (random or additional), thenumber of slabs in the sample unit, and the slab size measuredwith the hand odometer. Perform the inspection by walkingover each slab of the sample unit being surveyed and recordingall dis
49、tresses existing in the slab along with their severity level.The distress types and severities must correspond with thosedescribed in Appendix X2. Summarize the distress types, theirseverity levels, and the number of slabs in the sample unitcontaining each type and severity level. Repeat this procedureFIG. 3 Jointed Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet forSample UnitD5340 124for each sample unit to be inspected. A blank “Jointed RigidPavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit” isincluded in Appendix X5.9. Calculation of PCI for AC Pavement, Inclu
