1、Designation: D5372 04 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Guide forEvaluation of Hydrocarbon Heat Transfer Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5372; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope21.1 This guide provides information, without specific limits,for selecting standard test methods for testing heat transferfluids
3、for quality and aging. These test methods are consideredparticularly useful in characterizing hydrocarbon heat transferfluids in closed systems.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atAtmospheric PressureD91 Test Method for Precipitation Nu
4、mber of LubricatingOilsD92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by ClevelandOpen Cup TesterD93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-MartensClosed Cup TesterD95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products andBituminous Materials by DistillationD97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum ProductsD1
5、89 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petro-leum ProductsD445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D471 Test Method for Rubber PropertyEffect of LiquidsD524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue ofPetroleum ProductsD
6、664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Productsby Potentiometric TitrationD893 Test Method for Insolubles in Used Lubricating OilsD1160 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products atReduced PressureD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or APIGravity of Crude Petroleum and Liq
7、uid Petroleum Prod-ucts by Hydrometer MethodD1500 Test Method for ASTM Color of Petroleum Products(ASTM Color Scale)D2270 Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kine-matic Viscosity at 40 and 100CD2717 Test Method for Thermal Conductivity of LiquidsD2766 Test Method for Specific Heat of Liqui
8、ds and SolidsD2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Pe-troleum Fractions by Gas ChromatographyD4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue(Micro Method)D6743 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Organic HeatTransfer FluidsE659 Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of LiquidC
9、hemicalsG4 Guide for Conducting Corrosion Tests in Field Applica-tions3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 heat transfer fluida petroleum oil or related hydro-carbon material which remains essentially a liquid whiletransferring heat to or from an apparatus or proces
10、s. Smallpercentages of nonhydrocarbon components such as antioxi-dants and dispersants can be present.4. Significance and Use4.1 The significance of each test method will depend uponthe system in use and the purpose of the test method as listedunder Section 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM te
11、stmethods.5. Recommended Test Procedures5.1 Pumpability of the Fluid:5.1.1 Flash Point, closed cup (Test Method D93)This testmethod will detect low flash ends which are one cause ofcavitation during pumping. In closed systems, especially whenfluids are exposed to temperatures of 225C (approximately4
12、00F) or higher, the formation of volatile hydrocarbons by1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.L0.06 on Non-Lubricating Process Fluids.Current edition approved May 1, 2014. P
13、ublished July 2014. Originally approvedin 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D5372 04 (2009). DOI:10.1520/D5372-04R14.2The background for this standard was developed by a questionnaire circulatedby ASTM-ASLE technical division L-VI-2 and reported in LubricationEngineering, Vol 32, No. 8
14、, August 1976, pp. 411416.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 B
15、arr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1breakdown of the oil may require venting through a pressurerelief system to prevent dangerous pressure build-up.5.1.2 Pour Point (Test Method D97)The pour point can beused as an approximate guide to the minimum temperatur
16、e fornormal pumping and as a general indication of fluid type andlow temperature properties. Should a heat transfer system belikely to be subjected to low temperatures when not in use, thesystem should be trace heated to warm the fluid aboveminimum pumping temperature before start-up.5.1.3 Viscosity
17、 (Test Method D445)Fluid viscosity is ofimportance in the determination of Reynolds and Prandtlnumbers for heat transfer systems, to estimate fluid turbulence,heat transfer coefficient, and heat flow. Generally, a fluid that isabove approximately 200 centistokes is difficult to pump. Thepump and sys
18、tem design will determine the viscosity limitrequired for pumping. The construction of a viscosity/temperature curve using determined viscosities can be used toestimate minimum pumping temperature.5.1.4 Specific Gravity (Test Method D1298)Hydraulicshock during pumping has been predicted via the use
19、of acombination of density and compressibility data.5.1.5 Water Content (Test Method D95)The water contentof a fresh heat transfer fluid can be used to indicate how longthe heat transfer system must be dried out duringcommissioning, while raising the bulk oil temperature throughthe 100C plus region,
20、 with venting, before the system can besafely used at higher temperatures. The expansion tank shouldbe full during the operations to ensure that moisture is safelyvented in the lowest pressure part of the systems. Positivenitrogen pressure on the heat exchange systems will minimizeentry of air or mo
21、isture. Heat transfer systems operating attemperatures of 120 or greater must, for reasons of safety, bedry, because destructive high pressures are generated whenwater enters the high temperature sections of the system.Heating the oil before it is placed in service also removes mostof the dissolved
22、air in the oil. If not removed, the air can causepump cavitation. The air can also accumulate in stagnant partsof the system at high pressure and could cause an explosion.5.2 Safety in Use:5.2.1 Autoignition Temperature (Test Method E659)Theabove test relates to the autoignition temperature of a bul
23、kfluid. Hydrocarbon fluids absorbed on porous inert surfaces canignite at temperatures more than 50C (approximately 100F)lower than indicated by Test Method E659. An open flame willignite leaking hydrocarbon fluids exposed on a porous surfaceat any temperature.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and
24、 D93)Some heattransfer fluids are volatile and present a fire hazard at slightlyelevated temperatures, or even below 25C (77F).5.3 Effect on Equipment:5.3.1 Effect on Rubber or Elastomeric Seals (Test MethodD471)Most seals in heat exchange equipment are made ofsteel or other metal. If rubber seals a
25、re present, it is desirableto maintain rubber swelling in the range of 1 to 5 % to preventleakage because of poor seal contact. Seals may degrade insome fluids. As an oil deteriorates in service, additional testsmay be required to assure that seals remain compatible with thealtered oil. The temperat
26、ure ranges of the tests should corre-spond to temperatures to which seals will be exposed inservice.5.3.2 Corrosion (Guide G4)The above tests concern se-lection of materials of construction with fluids usable for heattransfer systems. Guide G4 uses test metal specimens fixedwithin the stream of test
27、 fluid under use. The specimens andconditions for test must be specified for each system.5.4 Effciency:5.4.1 Thermal Conductivity (Test Method D2717) and Spe-cific Heat (Test Method D2766)These thermal conductivityand specific heat tests are difficult to carry out, facilities forperforming them are
28、few, and the precision data is yet to beestablished. Values can be estimated for design use from thegeneral chemical composition. Differences contribute to effi-ciency to a lesser degree than values such as viscosity, moisturecontamination, and other measurable values in 5.1 and 5.5 ofthis guide. Th
29、e values for thermal conductivity and specificheat may be available from the fluid supplier.45.5 Service Life:5.5.1 Thermal Stability, Laboratory Tests5Thermal stabil-ity is here defined as the resistance of a hydrocarbon liquid topermanent changes in properties that make it a less efficientheat tra
30、nsfer fluid. These changes may be related to alterationsin the liquids properties, such as viscosity, or to the tendencyto foul heat exchanger surfaces with insulating deposits.Normally, testing should be done in the absence of air andmoisture to stimulate “tight” systems. The test may be usefulfor
31、assessing the remaining service life of a used fluid, or itmay be used to compare the expected service life of competi-tive new heat transfer fluids.5.5.2 The following test methods can be used to determinethe change in values between new and used fluids, or betweena fluid before and after subjectio
32、n to a laboratory thermalstability test. These test methods have been found especiallyuseful for determining the end of a fluids service life when anidentical fluid has been monitored with the same tests through-out its service life. These test methods can also detect leakageof foreign material into
33、 the heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.1 Precipitation Number (Test Method D91) and In-solubles (Test Method D893)These test methods determinethe extent to which insolubles that may contribute to fouling ofmetal surfaces are increasing.5.5.2.2 Flash Point (Test Methods D92 and D93)A low-ering of flash point
34、 is indicative of thermal cracking to producelower molecular weight hydrocarbons. A rapid increase mayindicate that fluid is being exposed to excessive temperatures.5.5.2.3 Carbon Residue (Test Methods D189, D524, andD4530)An increase of carbon residue during service pro-vides an indication of the f
35、luids tendency to form carbona-ceous deposits. These deposits, which may impair heat transfer,are caused by precipitation of high molecular weight materialsproduced by thermal cracking of the fluid.4Useful estimates may be obtained from sources such as the “Technical DataBook, Petroleum Refining,” A
36、merican Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W,Washington, DC 2000054070.5Test Method D6743 measures thermal stability of organic heat transfer fluids.D5372 04 (2014)25.5.2.4 Viscosity (Test Method D445)An increase in vis-cosity may reduce the fluids ability to transfer heat (see 5.1.3).Cracking of hy
37、drocarbons in high temperature service in closedsystems often causes a decrease in viscosity. Thus a change inviscosity taken by itself is insufficient to judge the performanceof a fluid in service.5.5.2.5 Distillation (Test Methods D86, D1160, andD2887)Distillation can show directly the percentage
38、of afluid that has cracked into lower boiling products or has beenconverted into higher boiling products. Distillation data canserve as the sole criterion for changing a heat transfer fluid.5.5.2.6 Neutralization Number (Test Method D664)Amarked increase in neutralization number is a warning ofoxida
39、tion in the system, which may be the result of leaks. Inhigh-temperature service (200C, approximately 400F), or-ganic acids may decompose, and the use of infrared analysesmay serve as a more reliable method for detection of oxidation.5.5.2.7 Color (Test Method D1500)In itself, color is notimportant,
40、 but may be the initial indication of chemicalchanges in the heat transfer system.5.5.2.8 Viscosity Index (Test Method D2270)The viscos-ity index of a fluid may change during service. Generally, theviscosity of a heat transfer fluid is not measured at theoperating temperature (see 5.5.2.4). If the v
41、iscosity index ofnew and used fluids are known, the viscosities at operatingtemperature can be estimated and compared.5.5.2.9 Water Content (Test Method D95)Small amountsof water present in heat transfer systems may cause corrosion,high pressures, or pump cavitation.6. Keywords6.1 characterization;
42、heat transfer fluid; heat transfer oil;heat transfer systemASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pat
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