1、Designation: D 5413 93 (Reapproved 2007)Standard Test Methods forMeasurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5413; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover equipment and proceduresused in obtaining water levels of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs o
3、rother water bodies. Three types of equipment are available asfollows:Test Method ANonrecording water-level measurement devicesTest Method BRecording water-level measurement devicesTest Method CRemote-interrogation water-level measurement devices1.2 The procedures detailed in these test methods are
4、widelyused by those responsible for investigations of streams, lakes,reservoirs, and estuaries, for example, the U.S. AgriculturalResearch Service, the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, and theU.S. Geological Survey.2The referenced ISO standard alsofurnishes useful information.1.3 It is the responsibilit
5、y of the user of these test methodsto determine the acceptability of a specific device or procedureto meet operational requirements. Compatibility between sen-sors, recorders, retrieval equipment, and operational systems isnecessary, and data requirements and environmental operatingconditions must b
6、e considered in equipment selection.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
7、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1129 Terminology Relating to WaterD 1941 Test Method for Open Channel Flow Measurementof Water with t
8、he Parshall FlumeD 2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias ofApplicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterD 5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water with Thin-Plate Weirs2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 4373 Measurement of Liquid Flow in OpenChannelsWater Level Measuring Dev
9、ices3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in these testmethods, refer to Terminology D 1129.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 elevationthe vertical distance from a datum to apoint.3.2.2 datuma level plane that represents a zero or somedefined elevation.3.2
10、.3 gaugea generic term that includes water level mea-suring devices.3.2.4 gauge datuma datum whose surface is at the zeroelevation of all the gauges at a gauging station; this datum isoften at a known elevation referenced to National GeodeticVertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD).3.2.5 gauge heightthe height
11、 of a water surface above anestablished or arbitrary datum at a particular gauging station;also termed stage.3.2.6 gauging stationa particular site on a stream, canal,lake, or reservoir where systematic observations of hydrologicdata are obtained.3.2.7 National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD)
12、prior to 1973 known as mean sea level datum; a spheroidaldatum in the conterminous United States and Canada thatapproximates mean sea level but does not necessarily agreewith sea level at a specific location.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to determine the gaugeheight or eleva
13、tion of a river or other body of water above agiven datum.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 onWater and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.07 on Sediments,Geomorphology, and Open-Channel Flow.Current edition approved June 15, 2007. Published July 2007
14、. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 5413 93 (2002).2Buchanan, T. J., and Somers, W. P., “Stage Measurement at Gauging Stations,”Techniques of Water Resources Investigations, Book 3, Chapter A-7, U.S. Geologi-cal Survey, 1968.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit
15、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York,
16、NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Water level data can serve as an easily recorded param-eter, and through use of a stage-discharge relation provide anindirect value of stream discharge,
17、 often at a gauging station.4.3 These test methods can be used in conjunction withother determinations of biological, physical, or chemical prop-erties of waters.TEST METHOD ANONRECORDING WATER-LEVEL MEASUREMENT DEVICES5. Summary of Test Method5.1 These test methods are usually applicable to conditi
18、onswhere continuous records of water level or discharge are notrequired. However, in some situations, daily or twice dailyobservations from a nonrecording water-level device canprovide a satisfactory record of daily water levels or discharge.Water levels obtained by the nonrecording devices describe
19、d inthese test methods can be used to calibrate recording water-level devices described in Test Methods B and C.5.2 Devices included in these test methods are of twogeneral types: those that are read directly, such as a staff gauge;and those that are read by measurement to the water surfacefrom a fi
20、xed point, such as wire-weight, float-tape, electric-tape, point and hook gauges.5.2.1 Staff, wire-weight, and chain gauges are commonlyused as both outside auxiliary and reference gauges. Vertical-and inclined-staff, float-tape, electric-tape, hook and pointgauges are commonly used as inside auxili
21、ary and referencegauges.5.3 Documentation of observations must be manually re-corded.6. Apparatus6.1 Staff Gauges:6.1.1 Vertical Staff GaugesStaff gauges are usually gradu-ated porcelain-enameled plates attached to wooden piers orpilings, bridge piers, or other hydraulic structures. They mayalso be
22、installed on the inside of gauging station stilling wellsas inside reference gauges. They are precisely graduated,usually to 0.02 ft or 2 mm, although other markings may beused for specific applications (see Fig. 1).6.1.2 Inclined Staff GaugesInclined staff gauges usuallyconsist of markings on heavy
23、 timbers, steel beams, or occa-sionally concrete beams built partially embedded into thenatural streambed slope. Since they are essentially flush withthe adjoining streambed, floating debris and ice are less likelyto cause damage than for a vertical staff gauge. Individualgraduation and marking of t
24、he installed gauges by engineeringlevels are required due to the variability of bank slope.6.2 Wire-Weight GaugeAn instrument that is mounted ona bridge or other structure above a water body. Water levels areobtained by direct measurement of the distances between thedevice and the water surface. A w
25、ire-weight gauge consists ofa drum wound with a single layer of cable, a bronze weightattached to the end of the cable, a graduated disk, a counter,and a check bar, all contained within a protective housing (seeFig. 2). The disk is graduated and is permanently connected tothe counter and the shaft o
26、f the drum. The cable is guided to itsposition on the drum by a threading sheave. The reel isequipped with a pawl and ratchet for holding the weight at anydesired elevation. A horizontally mounted check bar ismounted at the lower edge of the instrument. Differential levelsare run to the check bar. W
27、hen the weight is lowered to touchthe check bar, readings of the counter are compared to itsknown elevation as a calibration procedure. The gauge is set sothat when the bottom of the weight is at the water surface, thegauge height is indicated by the combined readings of thecounter and the graduated
28、 disk.6.3 Needle GaugesFrequently referred to as point or hookgauges. A needle gauge consists of a vertically-mountedFIG. 1 Staff GaugesFIG. 2 Type A Wire-Weight GaugeD 5413 93 (2007)2pointed metallic, small-diameter rod, which can be lowereduntil an exact contact is made with the water surface. A v
29、ernieror graduated scale is read to indicate a gauge height. Aneedle-type gauge offers high measurement accuracy, butrequires some skill and good visibility (light conditions) inlowering and raising the device to a position where the pointjust pierces the water surface. These gauges are most com-mon
30、ly used in applications where the water surface is calm.6.3.1 Point GaugeA form of needle gauge where the tipor point approaches the water surface from above.6.3.2 Hook GaugeA form of needle gauge made in theshape of a hook, where the tip or point approaches the watersurface from below (see Fig. 3).
31、 The hook gauge is easier touse in a stilling well application. As the point contacts thewater surface, overhead light will reflect from a dimple on thewater surface.6.4 Float-Tape GaugeConsists of a float attached to astainless steel graduated tape that passes over a suitable pulleywith a counterwe
32、ight to maintain tension. A pointer or otherindex is frequently fabricated as an integral part of the pulleyassembly (see Fig. 4). Float-tape gauges frequently are com-bined with water-level recorders in a manner whereby thepulley is the stage drive wheel for the recorder.6.5 Electric-Tape GaugeCons
33、ists of a graduated steel tapeand weight attached to a combined tape reel, voltmeter, datumindex and electrical circuit, powered by a 412 to 6 volt battery(see Fig. 5). The gauge frame is mounted on a shelf or bracketover the water surface, usually in a stilling well. The weight islowered until the
34、weight touches the water surface closing theFIG. 3 Hook GaugeFIG. 4 Float-Type GaugeFIG. 5 Electric-Type GaugeD 5413 93 (2007)3electrical circuit that is indicated by the voltmeter. The gaugeheight is read on the tape at the index.6.6 A reference point is frequently selected on a stablemember of a b
35、ridge, stilling well, or other structure from whichdistance vertical measurements to the water surface are madeby steel tape and weight. The reference point is a clearlydefined location, frequently a file mark or paint mark to ensurethat all readings are from the same location.7. Calibration7.1 Esta
36、blish a datum. The datum may be a recognizeddatum such as National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929(NGVD), a datum referenced to a recognized datum such as580.00 ft NGVD 1929, a local datum, or an arbitrary datum. Adatum is usually selected that will give readings of smallpositive numbers.7.2 Establi
37、sh at least three reference marks (RMs). Refer-ence marks must be located on independent permanent struc-tures that have a good probability of surviving a major flood orother event that may destroy the gauge. Reference marksshould be close enough to the water-level measuring devicethat the leveling
38、circuit not require more than two or threeinstrument setups to complete elevation verification. If theNGVD datum is used, determine the elevation of the referencemarks by differential leveling from the nearest NGVD bench-mark.7.3 Set the gauges to correct datum by differential levelingfrom the refer
39、ence marks. Use leveling procedures described ina surveying text or “Levels at Streamflow Gauging Stations.”57.4 Run levels to gauges from RMs annually for the first 3to 5 years, then if stability is evident, a level frequency of 3 to5 years is acceptable. Rerun levels at any time that a gauge hasbe
40、en disturbed or has unresolved gauge reading inconsisten-cies. Run levels to all RMs, reference points, index points, andto each staff gauge, and to the water surface. Read the watersurface at each gauge at the time levels are run. Documentdifferences found and changes made in a permanent record.8.
41、Procedure8.1 Read direct reading gauges by observing the watersurface on the gauge scale. Manually record this value on anappropriate form.8.2 Gauges that require measurement from a fixed point tothe water surface must follow procedures provided by manu-facturers of the specific instrument.8.3 Make
42、a visual inspection of gauges at each reading todetect apparent damage, which could affect accuracy.TEST METHOD BRECORDING WATER-LEVELMEASUREMENT DEVICES9. Summary of Test Method9.1 These test methods are applicable where continuousunattended records of water level or discharge are required.Procedur
43、es described in Test Method A are usually used to setthese recording devices to the correct datum.9.2 Devices, generically referred to as water-level recorders,or recorders, included in these test methods must be capable ofrecording stage and the time and date at which the stageoccurred.9.3 Recorder
44、s may sense water level by direct mechanicalconnection, usually by float-counterweight and tape or cable,by gas purge manometer systems (bubble gauges), or byelectronic water level sensors (pressure transducer or acousticdevices).9.4 Recorders may retain data in graphical, analog, digital,or other f
45、ormat.9.5 Recorders are available that can remain unattended forperiods from one week to longer than six months.10. Apparatus10.1 Types of Sensing Systems:10.1.1 Direct Reading Systems:10.1.1.1 Crest Stage GaugeA crest stage gauge is asimple sensing-recording device that is installed near a waterbod
46、y to record the highest water level that occurs betweenvisits of field personnel. A wooden rod is encased in a steel orplastic pipe with holes for water to enter and rise to the outsidewater level.Arecoverable high-water mark is left on the deviceby particles of ground cork that float to the highest
47、 water level(Fig. 6).10.1.1.2 Tape Gauge Maximum-Minimum IndicatorsThese indicators include magnetic or mechanical accessoriesthat record maximum or minimum travel of float-drive tapegauges or recorder-drive tapes.10.1.2 Mechanical Sensing Systems:10.1.2.1 Float TapeConsists of a float that floats o
48、n thewater surface, usually in a stilling well, and a steel tape or cablewhich passes over a recorder drive pulley. A weight on theopposite end of the tape maintains tension in the tape or cable.The rise and fall of the water surface is thus directly transmit-ted to the recorder.10.1.2.2 Shaft Encod
49、ersThese devices consist of a float-tape driven shaft and pulley assembly that converts the angularshaft position to an electronic signal compatible with electronicrecorders. Analog output potentiometers and several digitalformat output encoding systems are available.10.1.3 Gas-Purge SystemThis system is commonlyknown as a bubble gauge. A gas, usually nitrogen, is fed froma supply tank and pressure regulator through a tube andbubbled freely into the water body through an orifice at a fixedlocation on or near the bottom of the water body. The gaspressure
