1、Designation: D5425 13D5425 14Standard Guide forDevelopment of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards ofElectrotechnical Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5425; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, t
2、he year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This guide provides guidance on the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnical p
3、roducts. For thepurposes of this guide, products include materials, components, and end-use products.1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful topeople, animals, or property.1.3 This fire standard cannot be used to prov
4、ide quantitative measures.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical InsulationE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE1546 Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment StandardsE1776 Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-Assess
5、ment StandardsE2061 Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation VehiclesE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests2.2 NFPA Codes and Standards:3NFPA 555 Guide on Methods for Decreasing the Probability of Flashover (Withdrawn)NFPA 556 Guide on Methods for Eval
6、uating Fire Hazard to Occupants of Passenger Road VehiclesNFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection2.3 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) Standards:4IEC 60695-1-1 Fire Hazard Testing - Part TestingPart 1-1: Guidance for assessingAssessing the fire hazard of electrotechnicalproducts -
7、General Fire Hazard of Electrotechnical ProductsGeneral guidelines (Withdrawn)2.4 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standards:5ISO 13943 Fire Safety: Vocabulary3. Terminology3.1 Use Terminology E176, ISO 13943, and IEC 60695-11, ed. 3, 199911 as the guides for terminology on fire
8、issues (see5.1). Where differences exist in definitions, use those contained in Terminology E176.3.1.1 Terminology D1711 should be used as the guide for terminology on issues associated with electrical or electronicinsulating materials.3.1 Definitions:1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM C
9、ommittee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D09.21on Fire Performance Standards.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2014. Published December 2013November 2014. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in
10、20082013as D5425 08.D5425 13. DOI: 10.1520/D5425-13.10.1520/D5425-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM
11、website.3 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.4 Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3 rueRue de Varemb, Case postale 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.5 Available f
12、rom International Organization for Standardization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland or from American National Standards Institute (ANSI),25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
13、 ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publis
14、hed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide and associated wi
15、th electrical and electronic insulating materials, useTerminology D1711.3.1.2 For definitions of terms used in this guide and associated with fire issues, use Terminology E176, ISO 13943, and IEC60695-1-1 (see 5.1). Where differences exist in definitions, the definitions contained in Terminology E17
16、6 shall prevail.3.2 UseTerminology D1711 as the guide for terminology on issues associated with electrical and electronic insulating materials.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 electrotechnical product, nitem that generates or uses electrical power as a source of energy or tha
17、t is associated withthe conduction or transmission of electrical signals or power.3.2.1.1 DiscussionElectrotechnical products include the materials insulating electrical wires and cables and the materials enclosing other products thatgenerate or are fed by electricity, as well as the products themse
18、lves and all of their parts.3.2.2 fire scenario, na detailed description of conditions, including environmental, of one or more of the stages from beforeignition to the completion of combustion in an actual fire at specific location, or in a full-scale simulation.3.2.3 products, nmaterial, component
19、, or end-use product.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire hazard assessment standards for electrotechnicalproducts. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities havingju
20、risdiction.4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard assessment standard;fixed procedures are not established. Any limitations in the availability of data, of appropriate test procedures, of adequate firemodels, or in the advancement of sci
21、entific knowledge will place significant constraints upon the procedure for the assessment offire hazard.4.3 The focus of this guide is on fire assessment standards for electrotechnical products. However, insofar as the concepts inthis guide are consistent with those of Guide E1546, the general conc
22、epts presented also may be applicable to processes, activities,occupancies, and buildings. Guide E2061 contains an example of how to use information on fire-test-response characteristics ofelectrotechnical products (electric cables) in a fire hazard assessment for a specific occupancy (rail transpor
23、tation vehicle).4.4 A standard developed following this guide should not attempt to set a safety threshold or other pass/fail criteria. Such astandard should specify all steps required to determine fire hazard measures for which safety thresholds or pass/fail criteria canbe meaningfully set by autho
24、rities having jurisdiction.5. General Concepts5.1 It is important to understand and maintain the differences between fire hazard and fire risk.5.1.1 Fire hazard is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.1.1 fire hazard, nthe potential for harm associated with fire.5.1.1.1.1 DiscussionA fire may pose one
25、 or more types of hazard to people, animals, or property. These hazards are associated with the environmentand with a number of fire test response characteristics of materials, products, or assemblies including, but not limited to, ease ofignition, flame spread, rate of heat release, smoke generatio
26、n and obscuration, toxicity of combustion products, and ease ofextinguishment.5.1.2 Fire hazard is defined in ISO 13943 as:5.1.2.1 fire hazard, ncondition with a potential for an undesirable consequence from fire.5.1.3 Fire risk is defined in Terminology E176 as:5.1.3.1 fire risk, nan estimation of
27、expected fire loss that combines the potential for harm in various fire scenarios that canoccur with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios.5.1.3.1.1 DiscussionRisk may be defined as the probability of having a certain type of fire, where the type of fire may be defined in whole or in pa
28、rtD5425 142by the degree of potential harm associated with it or as potential for harm weighted by associated probabilities. However it isdefined, no risk scale implies a single value of acceptable risk. Different individuals presented with the same risk situation mayhave different opinions on its a
29、cceptability.5.1.4 Fire risk is defined in ISO 13943 as:5.1.4.1 fire risk, ncombination of the probability of a fire and a quantified measure of its consequence (scenario fire risk).5.2 The primary concern in the fire hazard assessment of electrotechnical products is to minimize the fire hazard resu
30、lting whensuch products ignite. Should a fire start, it is then desirable to limit the fire propagation. Give consideration to external events, suchas the outbreak of a fire in the environment. In general, however, disregard deliberate misuse of an electrotechnical product, in thefire hazard assessm
31、ent.5.3 Give consideration also to heat release (both rate and amount) and opacity, toxicity, and corrosivity of the smoke from aburning product and any necessary ability to function under fire conditions. These hazards are directly related to the ignition andfire propagation. The emission of gases
32、may also, under certain circumstances, lead to the possibility of explosion.5.4 Certain electrotechnical products such as large enclosures, insulated cables, and conduits, may in fact replace large portionsof surfaces and finishing materials of building construction or may penetrate fire-resisting w
33、alls. In these circumstances, therequirements for fire performance of the electrotechnical products, when exposed to an external fire, must ensure that they do notcontribute to the hazard of fire to a greater degree than is permitted by the building materials or structures that are replaced.5.5 Foll
34、owing a detailed review of all of the expected hazards as related to a specific fire scenario, the final hazard assessmentstandards, as drafted, should include a series of tests or a single test, as appropriate, to address the specific hazard(s) defined. Singletest standards are acceptable if they a
35、ddress the major hazard(s) defined or are interrelated to the various components involved.5.6 In order to design electrotechnical products with acceptable characteristics for minimizing fire hazard, pay careful attentionto the permissible mechanical, electrical, and thermal stresses. This should min
36、imize the fire hazard under all conditions of use:normal operation, foreseeable deviations from normal use, and faulty operation conditions. The desired level of fire hazard isachievable by the procedures in 5.6.1 5.6.3:5.6.1 The use of parts or circuit design and protection, or both, which, under o
37、verload or failure, are not likely to ignite or tocause ignition;5.6.2 The use of parts, including enclosures, which are sufficiently resistant to probable ignition sources and heat within anelectrotechnical product; or,5.6.3 The use of designs that will adequately resist the propagation of fire spr
38、ead and surface spread by fire.6. Types of Fire Tests6.1 Technical committees engaged in the preparation of requirements and test specifications with regard to fire involvingelectrotechnical products should recognize the following types of tests:6.1.1 Fire Simulation Tests:6.1.1.1 These tests examin
39、e the reaction to fire of electrotechnical products, in a way as representative as possible of the useof the product in practice.6.1.1.2 When the actual conditions of use (including foreseeable abnormal use, malfunction, or failure) of a product aresimulated as closely as possible, and the design of
40、 the test procedure is related to the actual fire hazard, such tests are likely toassess one or more relevant aspects of the fire hazard associated with the use of the product under consideration in a specificscenario. The results of this type of test are thus well suited for use as elements of a fi
41、re hazard assessment that takes into accountall the factors pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of the electrotechnical product in a particular end use.6.1.1.3 Do not use the results of fire simulation tests for fire hazard assessment when a change of product design is made, orwhen conditi
42、ons of use are changed from those simulated in the test.6.1.1.4 Since such tests are designed specifically for a detailed fire scenario, they often do not become test standards.6.1.2 Fire Resistance Tests:6.1.2.1 These tests are intended to assess the ability of an electrotechnical product, or one o
43、f its parts, to preserve the variousproperties necessary for its use, under specified conditions of exposure to fire and for a stated period of time. In other words, thesetests measure continuity of operation.6.1.2.2 They are intended to provide data on the electrical behavior and performance of an
44、electrotechnical product, or finishedassembly, under a particular condition of exposure to heat or flame.6.1.2.3 Recent studies show a need for very careful consideration of the test conditions and comparison with the actual firesituation and to the possible effect of any uncontrolled variables, suc
45、h as the environment in which the product is placed.6.1.2.4 It is unlikely that the results of fire resistance tests are directly applicable to fire hazard assessment of the correspondingelectrotechnical product.6.1.3 Combustion Characteristic Tests : Tests:6.1.3.1 These tests examine the reaction t
46、o fire of small standardized specimens under controlled conditions. These tests areused to give data on properties related to the burning behavior of the materials, components, or end-use products tested. They arealso useful for comparative evaluations. The fire properties measured include, but are
47、not limited to, flammability, ignitability,D5425 143flame spread rate, smoke density, fire effluent generation, and heat release rate. Examples of such tests include the application ofa number of fire-test-response standards to electrotechnical products.6.1.3.2 The data provided by such tests are us
48、ually not representative of fire performance under conditions other than those towhich the specimen is subjected. Combustion characteristic tests are most useful when designed to simulate as closely as possiblethe situation to which materials, components, or end-use products may be exposed in actual
49、 use. They may then lead to the properselection of materials, components, and end-use products, which will meet the appropriate requirement when testing the completeproduct.6.1.3.3 These tests measure responses of electrotechnical materials, components, or end-use products to heat or flame undercontrolled laboratory conditions. They are a step further away from real fire conditions when compared to fire simulation tests.However, when done appropriately, results from these tests, in combination with those from other tests, may be useful as elementsof the fir
