1、Designation: D 5438 05Standard Practice forCollection of Floor Dust for Chemical Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5438; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of asample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can beanalyzed for lead, pesticid
3、es, or other chemical compounds andelements.1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted andbare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plushpile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically.1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection andevaluation of dust for the p
4、resence of asbestos fibers.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health pr
5、actices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresE1 Specification for ASTM ThermometersE 337 Test Method fo
6、r Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)F 608 Test Method for Evaluation of Carpet-Embedded DirtRemoval Effectiveness of Household Vacuum Cleaners3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice, refer to Terminology D
7、 1356.3.1.1 carpet-embedded dustsoil and other particulate mat-ter, approximately 5-m equivalent aerodynamic diameter andlarger, embedded in carpet pile and normally removable byhousehold vacuum cleaners.3.1.2 surface dustsoil and other particulate matter, ap-proximately 5-m equivalent aerodynamic d
8、iameter and larger,adhering to floor surfaces and normally removable by house-hold vacuum cleaners.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The sampling method described in this practice is takenfrom work published in Roberts, et al (1-3),3and Stamper, et al(4).4.2 Particulate matter is withdrawn from the carpet o
9、r barefloor by means of vacuum-induced suction which drawsthrough a sampling nozzle at a specific velocity and flow rate,and the particles are separated mechanically by a cyclone. Thecyclone is designed to efficiently separate and collect particlesapproximately 5-m mean aerodynamic diameter and larg
10、er.However, much smaller particles are also collected at unknownefficiencies. The sampling system allows for height, air flow,and suction adjustments to reproduce systematically a specificair velocity for the removal of particulate matter from carpetedand bare floor surfaces, so that these sampling
11、conditions canbe repeated.NOTE 1Side-by-side comparison of the HVS3 and a conventionalupright vacuum cleaner revealed that both collected particles down to atleast 0.2 m and that the HVS3 was more efficient at collecting particlessmaller than 20 m than conventional vacuum cleaners (5). If desired, a
12、fine-particle filter may be added downstream of the cyclone to collect99.9 % of particles above 0.2 m aerodynamic mean diameter.4.3 The particulate matter in the air stream is collected in acatch bottle attached to the bottom of the collection cyclone.This catch bottle shall be capped for storage of
13、 the sample andtransported to the laboratory for analysis.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpetedor bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analysis. Thecollected sample is substantially unmodified by the samplingprocedure.5.2 This practice provides
14、 for a reproducible dust removalrate from level loop and plush carpets, as well as bare floors. It1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Samplingand Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March
15、1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5438 - 00.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the
16、 standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.has the ability to achieve relatively
17、 constant removal efficiencyat different loadings of surface dust.5.3 This practice also provides for the efficient capture ofsemivolatile organic chemicals associated with the dust. Thetest system can be fitted with special canisters downstream ofthe cyclone for the capture of specific semivolatile
18、 organicchemicals that may volatilize from the dust particles duringcollection.5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evalua-tion of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential humanexposure to carpet dust. It is the users responsibility toevaluate the data collected by this practice a
19、nd make suchdeterminations in the light of other available information.6. Interferences6.1 There are no known interferences to the determinationof dust loadings covered by this practice.7. Apparatus7.1 Sampling Apparatus, which may be acquired commer-cially4(as shown in Fig. 1) or constructed as fol
20、lows:7.1.1 The dimensions of the sampling apparatus (nozzlesize, cyclone diameter, cyclone inlet diameter, etc.) are inter-dependent. The flow rate must produce a sufficient velocityboth at the sampled surface and in the cyclone. The cyclonemust have a cut diameter of 5 m at the same velocity that w
21、illprovide a horizontal velocity of 40 cm/s at 10 mm from thenozzle in the carpet material, or 5 mm from the nozzle on barefloors. The fundamental principles of this device have beendiscussed in detail in Roberts, et al (1-3).7.1.2 NozzleThe edges and corners of the samplingnozzle shall be rounded t
22、o prevent catching the carpet material.The nozzle must be constructed to allow for sufficient suctionto separate loose particles from the carpet or bare floor andcarry them to the cyclone. It must have an adjustment mecha-nism to establish the nozzle lip parallel to the surface and toachieve the pro
23、per suction velocity and pressure drop acrossthe nozzle. A nozzle 12.4 cm long and 1 cm wide, with a13-mm flange and tapered to the nozzle tubing at no more than30, will yield the appropriate velocities when operated asspecified in Section 11.7.1.3 GasketsGaskets in joints should be of a materialapp
24、ropriate to avoid sample contamination.7.1.4 CycloneThe cyclone shall be of a specific size suchthat a given air flow allows for separation of the particles 5-mmean aerodynamic diameter and larger. The cyclone must bemade of aluminum or stainless steel, and the catch bottle mustbe made of clear glas
25、s or fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP)to avoid contamination and allow the operator to see thesample.7.1.5 Flow Control SystemThe flow control system shallallow for substantial volume adjustment. The suction sourcemust be capable of drawing 12 L/s (26.5 CFM) through thesystem with no restrictions
26、 other than the nozzle, cyclone, andflow control system connected.An upright commercial vacuumcleaner with a 7 amp or greater motor capable of pulling avacuum of 6.5 kPa may be used for this purpose.7.1.6 Flow Measuring and Suction Gages Two vacuumgages are required one with a range of 0 to 3.7 kPa
27、(0-15 in.water) is used for setting flow rate and another with a range of0 to 2.5 kPa (0-10 in. water) is used to set the pressure dropacross the vacuum nozzle.7.1.7 Optional filter holder assembly with appropriate fineparticle filter, such as a 25-cm micro-quartz-fibre, binderless,acid-washed filte
28、r.57.2 Other Equipment:7.2.1 Stopwatch.7.2.2 Masking Tape and Marking Pen, for outlining sectionsfor sampling.7.2.3 Clean Aluminum Foil and Clean Glass or FEP Jars,for the collection and storage of samples.7.2.4 Thermometer (see Specification E1).7.2.5 Relative Humidity Meter (see Test Method E 337)
29、.7.2.6 Shaker Sieve, as specified in Test Method D 422, with100 mesh-screen above the pan to separate the fine dust below150 m.7.2.7 Analytical Balance, sensitive to at least 0.1 mg andhaving a weighing range from 0.1 mg to 1000 g.4The sampling device used in the development and performance evaluati
30、on ofthis test method was manufactured by CS-3, Inc., P.O. Box 1461, Sandpoint, ID83864, which is the sole source of supply of the sampler known to the committeeat this time. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this informationto the Committee on Standards, ASTM Headquarters, 1
31、00 Barr Harbor Dr., WestConshohocken, PA 19428. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend.5A filter holder for circular 25cm particle filters and flow control valveassembly which replaces the normal flow control assembly
32、 is available from themanufacturer of the floor vacuum device.FIG. 1 Floor Dust Sampler Using a Commercial Vacuum Cleaner as the Suction SourceD54380528. Reagents and Materials8.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall
33、reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-tee on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society,where such specifications are available (6).8.2 Methanol is required for sampling train cleaning aftersample collection.9. Sampling Strategy9.1 The overall sampling strategy should
34、be designed toaddress the goals of the study. Users should consider factorssuch as foot traffic volume, types of activities, proximity topotential sources, etc. The sampling strategy should be de-scribed in the sampling report so it can be taken into consid-eration when readers are comparing loading
35、s or concentrations,or both, to those obtained from other studies. The idealsampling location(s) for the beginning of the test procedure arean area that conforms with the protocol for the users overallsampling strategy. For example, when sampling in a home forchild exposure assessment, protocol may
36、require the selectionof a carpeted area for sampling where small children play orare likely to play.10. Pretest Preparation and Calibration10.1 CalibrationThe sampling system described in thispractice does not have any calibrated flow devices other thanthe cyclone and the Magnehelic gages. The cyclo
37、ne used forthe separation of the particles must be designed to give properseparation at varying flow rates throughout the sampling rangeof the system. The pressure gages and any other devices (thatis, temperature gage) used for testing purposes should becalibrated against a primary standard.10.1.1 P
38、ressure GagesPressure gages shall be calibratedagainst an inclined manometer or other primary standard priorto any field test. One means of checking a Magnehelic gage isto set a flow rate through the sampling system with amanometer and then switch to the Magnehelic gage. If thedifference in the read
39、ings is more than 3 %, the gage is leakingor is in need of repair or calibration. This should be done at twodifferent flow rates when checking the gage.10.1.2 The cyclone flow measurement is calibrated with alaminar flow element, spirometer, or roots meter. See theappendix for cyclone calibration wi
40、th a laminar flow element.10.2 Pretest Preparation:10.2.1 Each catch bottle to be used shall be clean andinspected for any contamination. The bottles should be markedwith masking tape and a marking pen for identification of thetest site, time, and date.10.2.2 The sampling train shall be inspected to
41、 ensure that ithas been cleaned and assembled properly.10.2.3 The sampling train shall be leak-checked prior tosampling. This can be accomplished by placing a mailingenvelope or a piece of cardboard beneath the nozzle andswitching on the suction source. The flow Magnehelic gageshould read 5 Pa (0.02
42、 in. H2O) or less to ensure that thesystem is leak free. If any leakage is detected, the system shallbe inspected for the cause and corrected before use.11. Sampling11.1 Sampling a Carpeted Floor:11.1.1 Pre-Test SurveyImmediately prior to testing, com-plete a data form recording all requested inform
43、ation andsketch the area to be sampled. (See Fig. 2 for a sample dataform.)11.1.2 Select a sampling area in accordance with the estab-lished protocol for your sampling campaign. This should bedetermined prior to testing.11.1.3 A typical sampling procedure may use measuringtapes placed on the carpet
44、so that they are parallel to each otherand on either side of the portion of carpet to be sampled (Fig.3). The measuring tapes should be between 0.5 and 1.5-m apartand extended as far as practical. They should be taped to thecarpet with masking tape every 30 cm.11.1.4 Place the sampler in one corner
45、of the sampling areaand adjust the flow rate and pressure drop according to the typeof carpet (see 11.1.8). The two factors that affect the efficiencyof the sampling system are the flow rate and pressure drop atthe nozzle. The pressure drop at the nozzle is a function of theflow rate and distance be
46、tween the surface and the nozzleflange.11.1.5 Clean the wheels and nozzle lip with a clean labora-tory tissue immediately before sampling. Begin sampling bymoving the nozzle between the ends of the two measuringtapes. The sampler is then moved back and forth four times onthe first strip, moving the
47、sampler at approximately 0.5 m/s.(The widths of the strips are defined by the width of thesampling nozzle.) Effective nozzle width is 13 cm for the CS3sampler. Move in a straight line between the numbers on themeasuring tape.Angle over to the second strip on the next passgradually, and repeat four d
48、ouble passes. After samplingapproximately 0.5 m2, determine the amount of collectedmaterial in the bottom of the catch bottle. As a rough estimate,the collection of dust to a depth of 6 mm 0.25 in. in a 55-mmdiameter catch bottle corresponds to approximately 6 to 8 g. Ifthere is less than 6 mm of du
49、st, sample an additional 0.5 m2next to the area already sampled. Hair, carpet fibers, and otherlarge objects should be excluded from the sample whenestimating the quantity collected.11.1.6 Continue sampling in the area laid out until anadequate sample is collected. Switch off the vacuum. The catchbottle can now be removed, labeled, and capped for storage andanalysis. Record the dimensions of the sampled area on thedata sheet.11.1.7 If the rug area to be sampled is very dirty, or has notbeen cleaned frequently, care must be taken to avoid filling upthe cyclon
