1、Designation: D 5474 93 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forSelection of Data Elements for Ground-WaterInvestigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5474; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the yea
2、r of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the selection of data elements for thedocumentation of ground-water sites. The data elements a
3、redescribed in four ASTM standards outlining information thatmay be collected at ground-water sites. Examples of specificinvestigations are given with the logic of why to selectindividual and combinations of data elements to meet therequirements of the studies.NOTE 1A ground-water site is any source
4、, location, or samplingstation capable of producing water or hydrologic data from a naturalstratum from below the surface of the earth. A source or facility caninclude a well, spring or seep, and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal inorientation). Other sources, such as excavations, driven devices, b
5、oreholes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes, that can be shown to be hydraulicallyconnected to the ground water, are appropriate for the use intended.NOTE 2The four ASTM standards that describe the data elements forground water are Practice D 5254 and Guides D 5408, D 5409, andD 5410.1.2 Systematic and co
6、nsistent data collection are necessaryfor the investigation of the availability and the protection orrestoration of ground-water resources. The level of detail,precision and bias, and the type of data that need to becollected depend on the objective of the study, the expectedcomplexity of the system
7、, and the resources available for theinvestigation. This guide presents ideas on what informationshould be collected for specific studies, why certain dataelements are mandatory, and the importance to current andfuture investigations of maintaining quality control on thecollection and retention of t
8、hese data. This guide focuses onthose data elements that are gathered at the field-site locationand are used to assist in interpreting the hydrology of theground-water source and to meet regulatory requirements.Other analytical and quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) considerations are address
9、ed in other standards andbeyond the scope of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bilit
10、y of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspe
11、cts of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. Th
12、e word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground
13、-Water SiteD 5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional IdentificationDescriptorsD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part Thr
14、eeUsage Descriptors3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Except as listed as follows, all definitions are inaccordance with Terminology D 653.3.1.2 codea suggested abbreviation for a component, forexample, “G” is the code suggested for the galvanized ironcomponent of data element casing material. The
15、data elementis in the “casing record” record.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published August 2006. Originallyapprov
16、ed in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 5474 93 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
17、M website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 componenta subdivision of a data element, forexample, galvanized iron is one of 30 components suggestedfor data element casing material. The data element is in thecasing
18、 record record.3.1.4 data elementan individual segment of informationabout a ground-water site, for example, casing material. Thedata element is in the casing record record.3.1.5 recorddenotes a set of related data elements thatmay need to be repeated to fully describe a ground-water site.For exampl
19、e, a well that consists of several diameters of casingfrom the top end to the bottom will need more than one casingrecord record (the record includes data elements depth to top,depth to bottom, diameter, casing material, and casing thick-ness) to fully describe the construction of the well. However,
20、 ifonly a single size of casing is used in the well, the record isutilized once.3.1.6 record groupa set of related records. For example,the lift record group includes the lift record, power record, andstandby record. Some record groups consist of only one record,for example, the spring record group
21、includes only the springrecord.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide describes four representative categories ofinvestigations to demonstrate the logic of selecting data ele-ments for the documentation of ground-water data. Included inthis guide is a series of four tables that list the records (groupsof
22、 data elements) used for the examples. The tables cross-reference the sections in this guide where specific explanationsfor data elements are found. A complete list of the individualdata elements for each record is included in the text of thisguide. The minimum set of data elements is standard andma
23、ndatory with all types of ground-water investigations and ispresented in 6.1.3.5. Significance and Use5.1 Data are gathered at ground-water sites for many pur-poses. Each purpose requires a different combination of dataelements. However, it is mandatory that every ground-watersite include a minimum
24、set of data elements to uniquelyidentify that site by precisely locating with coordinates andpolitical regimes, absolutely identifying the owner and datasource, and clearly defining the basic site characteristics. Thisinformation is described in Practice D 5254.5.2 As a part of a ground-water projec
25、t, each site requiresadditional data elements, beyond the minimum set, to assist inthe interpretation of the local and areal hydrology. As anexample, for a hydrologic reconnaissance study of a ground-water basin, each well or spring site requires basic informationconcerning construction, water level
26、, yield, geology, and waterchemistry. Additional information is needed if the project is awaste facility investigation, usually to satisfy local, state, andfederal environmental regulations.6. Documentation6.1 Introduction:6.1.1 Four representative hydrologic projects with verydifferent objectives a
27、re provided as examples to demonstratewhat data elements may be selected for a comprehensiveground-water data file (Tables 1-4). When designing a ground-water data file, data elements from all four ASTM guidesshould be considered (see Note 2). Agencies or companies thatengage in widely diverse proje
28、cts involving ground-waterresources may require nearly all of the data elements describedin the four standards. Those organizations should design apermanent file system to their specifications that includes thesedata.NOTE 3A ground-water data file can be stored as various media suchas flat files in
29、cabinets or as digital records on a computer. No matterwhich system is used, the data elements retained are the same information.An advantage of using a computerized file is that the data base containingthe ground-water information can be easily displayed, duplicated, andtransferred to another compu
30、ter. Advantages of paper flat files include lowcost, easy access without equipment, and transportability to field locationsand meetings.NOTE 4For the explanation of ground-water investigations in thisguide, the term “well” is used to mean any test or finished hole (that is,casing, screen, pump, etc.
31、) that penetrates the surface of the earth to accessthe ground-water source. These include drilled, bored, driven, and dugholes.6.1.2 Some agencies or companies may be very specializedin the objective of their projects and require only a finitenumber of data elements beyond the minimum data set.Howe
32、ver, a limited data file may be expanded at a later date byadding additional data elements to satisfy the requirements ofmore extensive projects.6.1.3 The minimum set of data elements (see PracticeD 5254) is mandatory to uniquely locate, identify, and describeeach individual ground-water site. In ad
33、dition, photographs,TABLE 1 General Resource Appraisal Investigation of an AreaAMinimum Set of Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)Political Regimes (see 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X1.6):Ge
34、ographic Location Record (see X1.6.1)Owner Record (see X1.6.2)Site Visits Record (see X1.6.3)Other Identification Record (see X1.6.4)Remarks Record (see X1.6.5)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X1.6.6)Construction Record (see X1.6.7)Casing Record (see X1.6.8)Opening/Screen Record (see X1.6
35、.9)Lift Record (see X1.6.10)Power Record (see X1.6.11)Geophysical Log Record (see X1.6.12)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X1.6.13)Hydraulics Record (see X1.6.14)Aquifer Parameters Record (see X1.6.15)Well Clusters Record (see X1.6.16)Collector Well/Laterals Record (see X1.6.17)Ponds Record (see X1.6.
36、18)Tunnel or Drain Record (see X1.6.19)Spring Record (see X1.6.20)Measuring-Point Record (see X1.6.21)Water-level Record (see X1.6.22)Discharge Record (see X1.6.23)Water-Quality Record (see X1.6.24)Field Water-Quality Record (see X1.6.25)ASee Appendix X1.D 5474 93 (2006)2sketches, and maps of the si
37、te and associated facility, includingthe measuring point, are valuable pictorial material to enhancethe site description.6.1.3.1 Geographic LocationIncluding latitude, longi-tude, latitude-longitude coordinate accuracy, altitude, and alti-tude accuracy.6.1.3.2 Political RegimesState or country ident
38、ification,and county or county equivalent.6.1.3.3 Source IdentifiersOwners name, source agencyor company and address, unique identification, and date of firstrecord for the site.6.1.3.4 Individual Site CharacteristicsHydrologic unit,setting, type of ground-water site, use of site, use of water froms
39、ite, and reason for data collection.7. Keywords7.1 contamination assessment; data base; data elements;documentation; ground water; monitoring network; record;resource appraisal; site characterization; underground storagetank; waste disposal facilityAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. EXAMPLE 1GE
40、NERAL GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION OF AN AREAX1.1 General ground-water investigations are commonlyfunded by local, state, and federal agencies in order toencourage economic development of an area. These investiga-tions are typically conducted where insufficient data are knownor documented about the qu
41、antity and quality of the groundwater. The areas of concern are usually distinct politicaljurisdictions (such as municipal utility authority service dis-tricts, cities, or counties), ground-water basins, or aquifer units.X1.2 Ground-water studies commonly define the watercontainer (aquifer), the qua
42、ntity of water obtainable for with-drawal, the quality of water available for specific uses, and therenewability or recharge rate for water that may be removed.X1.3 A general ground-water study may require from a fewmonths to several years to complete, usually depending uponthe size of the area, ext
43、ent of development, urgency of need(that is, severe drought conditions causing a local water supplyemergency), complexity of the aquifer system, amount ofinformation available from record-keeping agencies or water-development companies, and total objective of the project.Much of the time is utilized
44、 by the project personnel forcollecting available information, conducting field surveys,gathering time-related information (that is, water levels),TABLE 2 Monitoring Project for a Waste-Disposal FacilityAMinimum Set of Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)Political Regimes (see
45、 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X2.5):Geographic Location Record (see X2.5.1)Political Regime Record (see X2.5.2)Source Identifiers Record (see X2.5.3)Owner Record (see X2.5.4)Site Visits Record (see X2.5.5)Other Ide
46、ntification Record (see X2.5.6)Remarks Record (see X2.5.7)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X2.5.8)Construction Record (see X2.5.9)Casing Record (see X2.5.10)Opening/Screen Record (see X2.5.11)Lift Record (see X2.5.12)Geophysical Log Record (see X2.5.13)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X2.5.
47、14)Sample/Unconsolidated Material Record (see X2.5.15)Sample/Consolidated Material Record (see X2.5.16)Hydraulics Record (see X2.5.17)Aquifer Parameters Record (see X2.5.18)Measuring-Point Record (see X2.5.19)Network Record (see X2.5.20)Water-level Record (see X2.5.21)Discharge Record (see X2.5.22)W
48、ater-Quality Record (see X2.5.23)Field Water-Quality Record (see X2.5.24)Monitoring Site/Waste-Facility Record (see X2.5.25)Decommissioning Record (see X2.5.26)ASee Appendix X2.TABLE 3 Contamination Assessment and RemediationAMinimum Set of Data Elements (see 6.1.3):Geographic Location (see 6.1.3.1)
49、Political Regimes (see 6.1.3.2)Source Identifiers (see 6.1.3.3)Individual Site Characteristics (see 6.1.3.4)Additional Data Elements (see X3.5):Geographic Location Record (see X3.5.1)Political Regime Record (see X3.5.2)Remarks Record (see X3.5.3)Individual Site Characteristics Record (see X3.5.4)Construction Record (see X3.5.5)Casing Record (see X3.5.6)Opening/Screen Record (see X3.5.7)Lift Record (see X3.5.8)Geophysical Log Record (see X3.5.9)Geohydrologic Unit Record (see X3.5.10)Sample/Unconsolidated Material Record (see X3.5.11)Sample/Consolidated Material Reco
