1、Designation: D5635/D5635M 18Standard Test Method forDynamic Puncture Resistance of Roofing MembraneSpecimens1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5635/D5635M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the dynamicpuncture energy that roofing membrane specimens canwithstand,
3、 without allowing the passage of water, when sub-jected to impact from a rigid object having a sharp edge.1.2 This laboratory test can be conducted at any desiredtemperature using membrane specimens manufactured in afactory or prepared in a laboratory.1.3 Roof membrane specimens to which the test me
4、thod isapplicable include bituminous built-up, polymer-modifiedbitumens, vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric, andthermoplastic materials.1.3.1 The applicability of this test method to these mem-brane specimens includes their use in vegetative roof systems.1.4 This test method is not applica
5、ble to aggregate-surfacedmembrane specimens; however, it is applicable to specimenshaving factory-applied granules.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsyste
6、m shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
7、appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for t
8、heDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene ThermalInsulationD1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing
9、 and Waterproofing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology D1079.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The roofing membrane test specimen, set on a thermalinsulation substrate, is subjected to a predetermined dynamicimpact energy created by a
10、rigid falling puncture head. Thehead falls through a quarter-circle trajectory from a verticalposition to horizontal position under gravitational acceleration.4.2 The predetermined dynamic puncture energy is selectedas follows:4.2.1 In accordance with a performance requirement givenin a standard spe
11、cification in which this test method is cited, or4.2.2 Through agreement between the party requesting thetest and the testing laboratory.4.3 Puncture of the test specimen is assessed by visualexamination and, if necessary, verified by conducting a water-tightness test.5. Significance and Use5.1 An i
12、mportant factor affecting the performance of mem-brane roofing systems is their ability to resist dynamic punctureimpacts. This test method provides a means to assess dynamicpuncture resistance.5.2 This test method can be used to compare the dynamicpuncture resistance of a single type of membrane as
13、 a functionof a variety of insulation substrates or, conversely, to compare1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 onRoofing Membrane Systems.Current edition approved July 1, 2018. Published
14、July 2018. Originally approvedin 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5635/D5635M 11. DOI:10.1520/D5635_D5635M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information,
15、 refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization esta
16、blished in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1the resistance of a number of membrane specimens set on asingle type of insulation.5.3 The effect of tem
17、perature on puncture resistance can bestudied by conducting the test under controlled conditionsusing such equipment as an environmental chamber, oven, orfreezer.5.4 The test method can be useful in developing perfor-mance criteria for membrane roofing systems.5.5 The test method can be useful in de
18、veloping classifica-tions of dynamic puncture resistance of membrane roofingsystems.5.6 While it is considered that the results obtained by thislaboratory test can afford a measure of the dynamic punctureresistance of membrane roofing systems in the field, (providedthat service loads and temperature
19、 conditions are known) nodirect correlation has yet been established.5.7 This test method can be useful for evaluating thedynamic puncture resistance of membranes used in vegetativeroof systems.6. Apparatus6.1 Dynamic Puncture DeviceThe dynamic puncture de-vice consists primarily of a heavy base, a
20、falling arm, andpuncture head (see Fig. 1).6.1.1 The falling arm is attached to the base so that it canrotate freely (for example, using ball bearings) from a verticalto horizontal position. The length of the arm is sufficiently longso that the puncture head can be secured to it at a distance thatis
21、 0.51 m 1.67 ft, 60.5 %, from the point of rotation at thebase.6.1.2 The shape and dimensions of a typical puncture headare given in Fig. 2. When mounted on the arm, the face of thepuncture head is parallel to axis of rotation. Several heads ofdifferent mass may be needed. Alternatively, a means for
22、adding weights to a given puncture head to increase its masscan be used. The head and additional weights shall constitute acontinuous series of mass from 1 to 10 kg 2.2 to 22 lb in 0.5kg 1.1 lb increments. The mass of the puncture head shall bewithin 60.5 % of that selected.NOTE 1It is suggested tha
23、t the puncture head be fabricated from 1018mild steel to minimize risk of damage during its use. No matter the metalfrom which the puncture head is made, users of the test device shouldperiodically examine the puncture head to check that damage has notoccurred during use.6.1.3 A counter weight, equi
24、valent to the mass of the fallingarm, is placed on the arm on the side of the axis of rotationopposite to that holding the puncture head. The presence of thecounter weight eliminates the need to include the mass of thearm in the determination of the puncture energy. Alternatively,if a counter weight
25、 is not used, then the mass of the arm shallbe included in the determination of the impact energy.6.1.4 The device shall incorporate a mechanism that allowsthe puncture head to be kept stationary in an upright position,forming an angle from the vertical not exceeding 5. Thismechanism shall allow rel
26、ease of the arm so that it falls freelywithout any additional motion imposed.NOTE 2A vacuum release mechanism has been found suitable for thispurpose.6.1.5 The base of the device, supporting the arm andpuncture head, is placed on a horizontal surface that issufficiently stable. This surface shall no
27、t shake, vibrate, orotherwise move when the test is conducted at maximum impactenergy. The arm and puncture head of the dynamic puncturedevice shall be horizontal when the puncture head contacts thehorizontal surface of the test specimen (see Fig. 1). Heavy rigidshims having length and width dimensi
28、ons larger than those ofthe test specimen and substrate may be used.6.2 Specimen FrameA frame, having minimum exteriorand interior dimensions of 250 by 250 mm 9.8 by 9.8 in. and200 by 200 mm 7.9 by 7.9 in., respectively, and a minimummass of 2.5 kg 5.5 lb is used to hold the test specimen in placeon
29、 the insulation substrate during the test. Adhere mediumabrasive, 60 grit sand paper to the bottom surface of thespecimen frame.NOTE 3The bottom surface of the frame is that surface which sets onthe specimen. The use of sand paper assists in securing the specimenduring test. Double-side adhesive tap
30、e has been found suitable foradhering the sand paper to metal frames. The sand paper is replaced withnew pieces when it no longer assists in securing the specimen during test.6.2.1 It is not prohibited to use clamping for holding the testspecimen in place on the insulation substrate and for inhibiti
31、ngthe test specimen from slipping under the specimen frameduring impact (Note 4).NOTE 4Nonreinforced rubber membrane materials have been found tobe prone to such slipping when clamping is not used.7. Sampling and Sample Preparation7.1 Single-Ply SamplesCut the test specimens directlyfrom the sheet m
32、embrane material in accordance with 8.1.7.2 Multi-Ply Samples Prepared in the Laboratory:7.2.1 Condition all components at 23 6 2C 74 6 3F and50 6 5 % relative humidity for 24 6 0.25 h prior to construct-ing the membrane sample.FIG. 1 Schematic of the Dynamic Puncture DeviceD5635/D5635M 1827.2.2 Pre
33、pare the multi-ply membrane samples at least 0.90by 1.20 m 3 by 4 ft in accordance with the membranemanufacturers instructions or by using other preparationmethods at the discretion of the test laboratory. The method ofpreparation shall be described in the report of the test. Thequantity of material
34、 in each layer of the membrane sample shallbe within 10 % of that specified, and the entire sample shall bewithin 5 %. Cut the test specimens directly from this largermembrane sample, in accordance with 8.1.8. Test Specimens8.1 DimensionsThe dimensions of the membrane testspecimens and insulation su
35、bstrates are 250 by 250 mm 9.8 by9.8 in. Cut the test specimens and substrates to size using ametal template having these dimensions.8.2 Number of SpecimensA minimum of three test speci-mens is necessary to conduct the test.8.3 Type of Membrane Specimen SubstrateThe use of anyroof insulation as a me
36、mbrane specimen substrate is allowable.The membrane substrate shall be expanded polystyrene boardconforming to Specification C578, Type IX and having athickness of 38 mm 1.5 in., 615 %, unless otherwise speci-fied. Whatever insulation is used, the sections used as thespecimen substrate throughout th
37、e test shall be taken from thesame manufactured lot.9. Conditioning and Test Temperature Selection9.1 Condition the apparatus and all specimens at the se-lected test temperature 62C 63F for a minimum of 8 hprior to testing.9.2 It is not prohibited to conduct tests across a range ofcold, room, and el
38、evated temperatures. Unless otherwisespecified, the test shall be conducted at 23C 74F.9.2.1 The selected temperature shall be maintained at 62C63F throughout the test.10. Procedure10.1 Impact EnergyConduct the dynamic puncture test atan impact energy (see X1.2) that is selected as follows:10.1.1 In
39、 accordance with a performance requirement givenin a standard specification in which this test method is cited, orNOTE 1Dimensions are in millimetres.FIG. 2 Shape and Dimensions of Puncture HeadD5635/D5635M 18310.1.2 Through agreement between the party requesting thetest and the testing laboratory.N
40、OTE 5If there is interest to conduct the test at the maximum impactenergy at which specimen failure (that is, puncture) is expected to occur,this maximum energy, if unknown, can be estimated using the screeningprocedure described in Appendix X1.10.2 Dynamic Puncture Testing:10.2.1 Conduct the test o
41、n three new membrane specimensand insulation substrates at the selected impact energy.10.2.2 Secure the membrane specimen on the insulationusing the specimen frame.10.2.3 Position the membrane-insulation assembly underthe falling arm of the dynamic puncture device so that thepuncture head is set on
42、the center of the surface of thespecimen. Align the arm and puncture head horizontally to thespecimen surface. The direction of the test specimen (that is,longitudinal or transverse) shall be perpendicular to the direc-tion of the puncture head.10.2.4 Raise the arm and puncture head to the verticalp
43、osition and allow it to fall freely onto the specimen surface.Then visually examine the specimen to determine whetherpuncture has occurred.10.2.4.1 If it cannot be determined visually that the speci-men has or has not punctured, apply a suitable watertightnesstest. One example of a suitable test is
44、the use of water pressureof 5000 Pa 0.73 lbf/in.2 applied for 15 min to the surface ofthe membrane specimen that was subjected to the impact (Note6). Another example is a dielectric test (Note 7).NOTE 6One type of watertightness test that has been used to examinewhether membrane specimens have been
45、punctured incorporates a watercolumn sealed to the top of the membrane specimen over the location thatwas subjected to the puncture test. A water height of 500 mm 20 in.provides a pressure of 5000 Pa 0.73 lbf/in.2. A similar type ofwatertightness test uses a chamber in which the membrane specimen is
46、sealed and into which water is forced at the specified pressure.NOTE 7One dielectric test for examining whether membrane speci-mens have been punctured uses a 15 kV dielectric tester with a pointedelectrode. The test specimen is placed on a metal plate (second electrode),such that contact exists bet
47、ween the impacted area of the specimen and themetal plate. The size of the metal plate is at least that of the specimen. A15 kV charge is applied across the specimen at the location of the appliedpuncture force by passing the pointed electrode over the impacted areawhile in contact with the specimen
48、 surface. If sparks are observed,puncture has occurred.10.3 Test ResultsConsider the results as follows:10.3.1 If none of the three specimens punctured at theselected impact energy, report that the specimens passed thetest.10.3.2 If one or more of the three specimens punctured atthe selected impact
49、energy, report that the specimens failed thetest.11. Report11.1 Report, as a minimum, the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification of the roof membrane sampleincluding type, source, manufacturer, and method of prepara-tion if made in the laboratory.11.1.2 Complete identification of the insulation substrateincluding type, source, manufacturer, density, and thickness.11.1.3 Impact energy at which the test was conducted.11.1.3.1 If the impact energy was selected in accordancewith a performance requirement in a sta
