1、Designation: D5652 95 (Reapproved 2013)D5652 15Standard Test Methods forBoltedSingle-Bolt Connections in Wood and Wood-BasedProducts1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5652; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the strength and stiffness of single-boltedsin
3、gle-bolt connections inwood or wood-based products when subjected to short-term static loading. These test methods serve as a basis for determining theeffects of various factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection. Long-term loading and creep displacement characteristicsare outside the s
4、cope of this protocol.1.2 These test methods are intended for situations employing a smooth shank bolt with a constant diameter.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to addr
5、ess all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D2395 Test Metho
6、ds for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsD2915 Practice for Sampling and Data-Analysis for Structural Wood and Wood-Based ProductsD4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based MaterialsE4 Practices for Force Verificati
7、on of Testing MachinesE2309/E2309M Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing MachinesF606F606/F606M Test Methods for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Externally and Internally Threaded Fasteners,Washers, and Rivets (Metric) F0606_F0606M
8、 Direct Tension Indicators, and Rivets2.2 Federal Specification:Fed. Spec. FF-W-92 for Washers, Metal, Flat (Plain)2.3 Other Standards:NDS ANSI/AWC National Design Specification for Wood Construction3. Summary of Test Methods3.1 Specimens consisting of at least one wood or wood-based member fastened
9、 with one bolt to at least one other member ofany material are evaluated for capacity to resist compressive or tensile forces applied at a constant ratespeed of deformationdis-placement with a suitable testing machine. The deformation slip, or displacement, of the connection at various intervals of
10、loadingis measured. Supplementary physical properties of the wood or wood-based members are also determined.4. Significance and Use4.1 Connections are one of the weakest links most important components in wood construction. While the strength of metalbolts and of wood or wood-based products are asce
11、rtainable, a full evaluation of the performance of the combination is onlypossible through the testing of a complete connection. connection assembly. Such variables as member thickness, member width,end and edge distances, type of bolt, fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-ba
12、sed product, preservative orfire-retardant treatment of the wood or wood-based product, and species of wood species of wood, and/or material type and1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.05 on Wood Assembli
13、es.Current edition approved April 1, 2013Dec. 1, 2015. Published April 2013February 2016. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 asD5652 95 (2007).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/D5652-95R13.10.1520/D5652-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, o
14、r contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what c
15、hanges have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the of
16、ficial document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1orientation of wood-based material may affect connection behavior. In order to develop design criteria for established bolt typesas well as those under development, the e
17、ffect of these variables on connection strength and stiffness must be known. The testsdescribed herein permit the observation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood or wood-based connections, or both, underthe influence of any or all of these factors.5. Apparatus5.1 Testing MachineAny suitabl
18、e testing machine capable of operation at a constant rate of motion of its movable headmovable crosshead speed and having an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.5.2 Spherical Bearing Block, for compressive loading of specimens.5.3 GripsGripping devices capable of attachi
19、ng the specimen to the stationary and moving heads of the testing machine insuch a way as to ensure true axial tensile loads.5.4 Deformation GagesDisplacement Measurement DevicesAt least two dial gages with a least reading of 0.001 in. (0.025mm) or other suitable devices for measuring the slip betwe
20、en connection members during load application.displacementmeasurement devices for measuring the slip between connection members during load application. These devices shall be capableof at least a Class B rating when evaluated in accordance with Practice E2309/E2309M.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling shall pr
21、ovide for selection of representative test specimens that are appropriate to the objectives of the testingprogram.6.2 Estimate sample size Sample size shall be estimated in accordance with the procedures of Method D2915.; however, aminimum of ten tests shall be conducted to evaluate each connection
22、configuration or variable. See Note 1 for guidance in thisrespect.NOTE 1The precision required, and thus, the manner of sampling and the number of tests, depend upon the specific test objectives. No specific criteriacan therefore be established. General experience indicates that the coefficients of
23、variation from tests on connections range from approximately 15 to30 %. Depending upon the objectives of the test, it is important to understand the different failure modes that might occur between specimens for a giventest configuration, the variation associated with those modes, and their impact u
24、pon variability. For those configurations that result in multiple modes offailure, it may be necessary to conduct exploratory testing to establish the expected variability.7. Sampling: Test Specimens and Test Units7.1 Select wood members, and position the bolt in them in such a way that the results
25、are not affected by knots, cross grain,or other natural or manufacturing characteristics unless the purpose of the test methods is to evaluate the effects of such growthcharacteristics. When the affects of growth characteristics are not being evaluated, wood members shall be essentially clear andstr
26、aight-grained. For wood-based products, select specimens with regard to manufactured characteristics.Material Selection:7.1.1 WoodSelect wood members, and position the bolt in them in such a way that the results are not affected by knots, crossgrain, or other natural or manufacturing characteristics
27、 unless the purpose of the test methods is to evaluate the effects of suchgrowth characteristics. When the effects of growth characteristics are not being evaluated, wood members shall be essentially clearand straight-grained. Unless otherwise specified to satisfy the test objectives, the wood membe
28、rs shall be selected to target anaverage oven-dry specific gravity representative of the material to be evaluated.7.1.2 Wood-Based MaterialFor wood-based products, such as structural composite lumber or wood plastic composites, thespecimen grade, density, thickness and other manufactured characteris
29、tics shall be representative of the material to be evaluated.Since the connection properties of a wood-based product typically vary with the cross-sectional product orientation, the bolt shallbe positioned in the cross-sectional orientation to be evaluated and that orientation shall be recorded. Unl
30、ess the purpose of thestudy is to evaluate a products known strength reducing characteristics, bolts shall be randomly positioned into the memberwithout further bias to consider strength reducing characteristics.7.1.3 Non-Uniform Cross-SectionsCross-sections selected for testing shall be representat
31、ive of the product to be evaluated.Some wood-based products are made with a hollow extrusion, significant density gradient profile, or other non-uniformity that hasthe potential to impact the test results. If the wood-based product to be tested has a non-uniform cross-section, then the relatedproduc
32、t characteristics and the bolt position shall be reported in detail.7.1.4 SteelSteel members used as part of the test program shall have their nominal thickness and grade chosen to satisfy theexperimental objectives and be recorded.7.1.5 BoltsThe nominal bolt diameter and grade shall be chosen to sa
33、tisfy the experimental objectives and be recorded.NOTE 2For product evaluation purposes, it may be desirable to select materials that conservatively represent the range of permitted applications. Forexample, using the lowest permitted specific gravity of wood, the lowest grade of wood-based material
34、, the worst-case non-uniform cross-section, etc.These constraints should be considered on a case-by-case basis.7.2 Connections Containing One Bolt: Connection Assembly:7.2.1 Make tests on three-member connections Connection assemblies shall consist of three members as shown in Figs. 1-3except where
35、specific data on two- or multiple-member connections are being sought. Select the width, length, and thickness ofD5652 152the members with consideration of required edge and end distances. Member dimensions shall be representative of the intendeduse of the connection.test objectives or as required t
36、o target specific yield or failure modes.FIG. 1 Assembly for Testing BoltedSingle-Bolt Connections Parallel to Grain in TensionFIG. 2 Assembly for Testing BoltedSingle-Bolt Connections Parallel to Grain in CompressionD5652 1537.2.2 For connections involving metal or other side members (such as panel
37、 materials), the side member thickness shall be thatanticipated in service. For all-wood joints, the thickness of each side member shall be at least one half of the thickness of the centermember and width and length of all members shall be selected with consideration of required edge and end distanc
38、es for a specificapplication. Minimum end distance shall bemembers loaded parallel to grain, the minimum end distance shall be seven boltdiameters for tension loading (Fig. 1) and four bolt diameters for compression loading and(Fig. 2 seven bolt diameters for tensionloading, ), unless the effect of
39、various end distances is to be studied. For members loaded perpendicular to grain (Fig. 3), theminimum unloaded edge distance shall be 1.5 bolt diameters and the minimum loaded edge distance shall be four diameters, unlessthe effect of various edge distances is to be studied.7.2.3 The excess of bolt
40、-hole diameter over boltUnless other bolt-hole diameters are required to satisfy the purposes of theinvestigation, the bolt-hole diameter shall be 116 in. (0.8 mm) for bolts 12 in. (13 mm) or less in diameter, and 116 in. (1.6 mm)for bolts of larger diameter, unless other bolt-hole diameters are spe
41、cified.larger than the nominal bolt diameter for main and sidemembers. Alternative bolt-hole diameters, if used, shall be recorded.7.2.3.1 Bolt-holes shall be precisely bored perpendicular to the surface, so that the surface of the hole is smooth and uniformto ensure good bearing of the bolt. Holes
42、shall be drilled after members are conditioned unless the purpose of the test is to studythe effect of shrinkage on the performance of bolted connections.7.2.4 Bolts shall be of sufficient length to penetrate all members members. The standard configuration shall be to test withouthaving any member b
43、ear on the bolt threads. Inclusion of threads within the bearing surfaces shall be permitted provided that threadtype and length of threaded bearing are reported.7.2.5 Place heavy round washers conforming to Fed. Spec. FF-W-92 for washers, metal, flat (plain), and hereafter referred toas a standard
44、washer, between wood or wood-based side members and bolt head and nut. Bring abutting faces of connectionmembers into normally installed contact; then back off the nut and retighten to “finger tightness.”tightness”.7.2.6 Primary tests shall be made on connections loaded parallel to the grain of wood
45、 members and perpendicular to the grainof wood members. Perpendicular to the grain tests shall be conducted with the grain of the center member parallel and the sidemembers perpendicular to the direction of the load or with the grain of the center member perpendicular and the side membersparallel to
46、 the direction of the load. These tests shall be made by applying compressive or tensile loads as required; however,application of tensile load is preferred.as follows:7.2.6.1 With the grain or strength-axis of the main member perpendicular and the side members perpendicular to the directionof the l
47、oad,7.2.6.2 With the grain or strength-axis of the main member parallel and the side members perpendicular to the direction of theload, or7.2.6.3 With the grain or strength-axis of the main member perpendicular and the side members parallel to the direction of theload.7.2.7 Primary tests shall be ma
48、de by applying compressive or tensile loads as required; however, application of tensile load ispreferred.7.2.8 When required, required by the investigation, conduct additional primary tests to provide information on the items statedin 7.2.7.1 7.2.8.1 and 7.2.8.107.2.7.7. In such tests, use a method
49、 of matching the material in corresponding members as followsto prevent masking of differences in specific gravity, rate of growth, or other factors:7.2.8.1 To establish the effect of bearing area and length to diameter (L/d) relationship,7.2.8.2 To determine the effect of variations in main member thickness.thickness,7.2.8.3 To determine the effect of variations in side member thickness,7.2.8.4 To determine the effect of angle of load to grain of the wood,wood or strength axis of a wood-based material,7.2.8.5 To establish minimum end distances required for each
