1、Designation: D5679 95a (Reapproved 2012)D5679 16Standard Practice forSampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or SimilarContainers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5679; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of consolidated solids in dr
3、ums or similarcontainers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less. Thesemethods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should bedescribed in the site-specific work
4、 plan.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard
5、to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeC783 Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite ElectrodesD4547 Guide for S
6、ampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organic CompoundsD4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Mana
7、gementActivities: QualityAssurance and QualityControl Planning and Implementation2.2 NSC Document:Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations, 198532.3 Government Documents:4Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites, EPA/600/2-86/013, January 1986Occupational Safety and Health Guidan
8、ce Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, National Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health (NIOSH), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Coast Guard (USCG), and U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), October 19853. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 bondingtouching t
9、he sampling equipment to the drum to form an electrically conductive path to minimize potentialelectrical differences between the sampling equipment and the drum, reducing the buildup of static electricity.3.1.2 bungusually a 2-in. (5.1-cm) or 34-in. (1.3-cm) diameter threaded plug designed specific
10、ally to close a bung hole.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.02 on SamplingTechniques.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2016. Published November 2012September 2016. Originally approve
11、d in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20062012as D5679 95a (2006). (2012). DOI: 10.1520/D5679-95AR12.10.1520/D5679-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, r
12、efer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from National Safety Council (NSC), 1121 Spring Lake Dr., Itasca, IL 60143-3201, http:/www.nsc.org.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washing
13、ton, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM
14、 recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.3 bu
15、ng holean opening in a barrel or drum through which it can be filled, emptied, or vented.3.1.4 consolidatedthe characteristic of being cemented or compacted, or both, and not separated easily into smaller particles.3.1.5 deheadingremoval of the lid of a closed-head drum; usually accomplished with a
16、drum deheader.3.1.6 drumimplies any drum, barrel, or non-bulk container of 5 to 110 U.S. gal (19 to 416 L) capacity.3.1.7 paila small container, usually with a capacity of 5 U.S. gal (19 L). Pails typically have bungs or spouts, or the entirelid can be removed.3.1.8 paperworkall required site docume
17、ntation, which may include the manifests, waste profiles, material safety data sheets(MSDS), site forms, sample labels, custody seals, and chain of custody forms.3.1.9 work plana plan, specific to a particular site, for conducting activities specified in the plan.4. Summary of Practice4.1 The drum a
18、nd its contents are inspected, and appropriate sampling equipment is selected. A clean device is then used toauger, chisel, chip, or core into the consolidated solid material to be sampled. The sample is collected and placed in a samplecontainer. The sampling device is then cleaned and decontaminate
19、d or disposed of.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of consolidated or compacted materials from drums or similarcontainers, including those but only in compliance with a suitable work plan prepared according to Practice D5283 and GuideD4687. If the pla
20、n so provides, samples may be collected from drums not intended to be opened and from drums that are unstable,ruptured,ruptured or compromised otherwise.otherwise compromised. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drumopening, overpressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are descri
21、bed in Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous WasteSites.6. Interferences6.1 The condition of the materials to be sampled and the condition and accessibility of the drums will have a significant impacton the selection of sampling equipment.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 General Principles and Precautions:7.1.1 Sa
22、mples should be collected in accordance with an appropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687). This planmust include a worker health and safety section because there are potential hazards associated with opening drums as well aspotentially hazardous contents. See Occupational Safety and Hea
23、lth Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities forinformation on health and safety at hazardous waste sites.7.1.2 Correct sampling procedures must be applied to the conditions as they are encountered. It is impossible to specify rigidrules describing the exact manner of sample collection be
24、cause of unknowns associated with each solid sampling situation. It isessential that the samples be collected by a trained and experienced sampler because the various conditions under which drummedsolids must be sampled.7.1.3 To be able to make probability or confidence statements concerning the pro
25、perties of a sampled lot, the samplingprocedure must allow for some element of randomness in selection because of the possible variations in the material. The samplershould always be on the alert for possible biases arising from the use of a particular sampling device or from unexpectedsegregation w
26、ithin the material.7.1.4 All augering, chipping, or flaking sampling methods may fail a prime sampling requirement: that of random selection ofsample fractions. Particles on the bottom or along the sides of the drum may consequently never have an opportunity to be includedin a sample. Sample particl
27、es should be selected by techniques that will minimize variation in measured characteristics betweenthe available fractions and the resulting sample (Practice C702).7.1.5 The sampling equipment, sample preparation equipment, sample containers, etc. must be clean, dry, and inert to thematerial being
28、sampled. All equipment, including sample containers, must be inspected before use to ensure that they are clear ofobvious dirt and contamination and in good working condition. Visible contamination must be removed, and the equipment mustbe decontaminated with the appropriate rinse materials. Deconta
29、minated sampling equipment should be protected fromcontamination. This may include, but not be limited to, storage in aluminum foil, plastic bags, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) film,or other means of protection that will not impact the sample quality or intended analysis.7.2 Basic Pre-Sampling Prac
30、tices:7.2.1 Review all paperwork.7.2.2 Select the sampling equipment and sample containers appropriate for the material in the drum, as detailed in the work plan.7.2.3 Enter the work zone.7.2.4 Inspect all drums to be sampled visually. Note any abnormal conditions, including rust marks, stains, bulg
31、es, or other signsof pressurization or leaks that may require special handling. The work plan should define clearly the limiting conditions underD5679 162which special handling procedures shall be initiated. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for information onopening overpressuriz
32、ed drums and the use of remotely operated drum opening equipment.7.2.5 Stage the drums to be sampled in a designated work area if they cannot be sampled in their current location. See DrumHandling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further information on staging drums.7.2.5.1 Move the drums to u
33、pright stable positions if necessary. Sufficient space shall be left between drums to preventmovement hazards.7.2.5.2 Number or identify uniquely all drums to be sampled.7.2.6 Perform a detailed inspection of individual drums.7.2.6.1 Record all relevant information from the drum labels, markings, da
34、ta sheets, etc. in the field log book or on formsspecified in the work plan.7.2.6.2 Make sure there are no discrepancies with existing paperwork.7.2.7 Slowly loosen the ring that secures the lid or loosen the bung, allowing any pressure or vacuum to equalize.7.2.7.1 Precautionary Notes:(1) If the dr
35、um or pail appears to be under positive or negative pressure (that is, a slight lid bulge or dimple), control the releaseof pressure until it has equalized. For example, if the drum or pail is equipped with bungs, loosen the smaller bung first since doingso will make it easier to control the release
36、 of pressure.(2) If the topetop of the drum is dished inward (dimpled), it may “pop” when equalizing pressure, spraying the sampler withany material that is sitting on top of the drum.(3) If there is evidence of a chemical reaction or sudden pressure buildup, the sampler should leave the area immedi
37、ately andevaluate whether remote drum opening equipment should be used.(4) For flammable or explosive materials, the drum and sampling equipment should be grounded if the generation of staticelectricity while opening or sampling the drum is a possibility. The drum and sampling equipment should be gr
38、ounded to a groundstake or to an existing ground (building ground, grounded water pipes, etc.). New sampling equipment may have some residualstatic electrical charge due to the materials in which they are packed and shipped. The work plan should specify whether groundingis necessary. See Accident Pr
39、evention Manual for Industrial Operations for information on grounding and bonding.7.2.7.2 Drums should be opened, sampled, and closed individually to minimize the risk of exposure.7.2.7.3 Drums (or Pails) with BungsLoosen the large bung slowly. Use non-sparking tools.7.2.7.4 Drums with Removable Li
40、dsLoosen the ring slowly with a manual wrench or air impact wrench. Use non-sparkingtools.7.2.7.5 Pails with Removable Lids (Side-Lever Lock Ring)Release the lever slowly.7.2.7.6 Pails with Removable Lids (Snap-On)Pry the lid loose slowly with a pail lid opener.7.2.8 Manual or remote puncturing or d
41、eheading will be required if the drum (or pail) has a stuck bung or the lid cannot beremoved. See Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites for further information on manual or remote drum opening.7.2.9 Any discrepancy discovered (such as evidence of free liquid) upon opening the drum should
42、be recorded in the field logbook.7.3 Sampling EquipmentSelection:7.3.1 Table 1 summarizes selection criteria for equipment by the material to be sampled.7.3.2 Sampling Equipment, Materials of ConstructionSampling devices will usually be made of stainless steel, brass,aluminum, or plastic. Devices us
43、ing permanent coatings or liners (such as PTFE) may be subject to abrasion, leading tocontamination of the sample.7.3.3 Generic Equipment ListA general list of equipment used for sampling consolidated solids follows:7.3.3.1 Scoop.7.3.3.2 Rotating corer.7.3.3.3 Thin-wall tube sampler.7.3.3.4 Chipper.
44、7.3.3.5 Hammer and chisel.7.3.3.6 Auger.7.3.3.7 Pry bars.TABLE 1 Selection Criteria for EquipmentEquipment ASTMStandard VisuallyHomogeneous HeterogeneousAuger D4700 XA XChipper, hammer, and chisel . X XRotating corer C783 X XThin-walled tube D4700 NB .CA X = equipment usually may be used with this t
45、ype of waste.B N = not equipment of choice but may be used (for example, a clay-like material).C Equipment is probably not suitable.D5679 1637.3.3.8 Wipes or cloths, or both.7.3.3.9 Spatula.7.3.3.10 Sample containers, lids, and liners.7.3.3.11 Sample labels.7.3.3.12 Chain of custody forms.7.3.3.13 F
46、ield log books.7.3.3.14 Sample cooler.7.3.3.15 Ice or gel ice.7.3.3.16 Grounding cables with alligator clips and emery cloth.7.3.3.17 Portable monitoring equipment (combustible gas indicator, organic vapor detector, radiation survey meter, etc.).7.3.4 Equipment needed to open drums should be non-spa
47、rking (brass or beryllium copper) and include, but not be limited to,the following:7.3.4.1 Bung wrenches (one straight and one bent),7.3.4.2 Flathead screwdriver,7.3.4.3 Breaker bar (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.4 Ratchet (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.5 Speed handle (12 in. (1.3 cm),7.3.4.6 Adjustable wrenches (1
48、0 and 12 in. (25 and 30 cm).7.3.4.7 Air impact wrench and sockets, and7.3.4.8 Pail lid opener.8. Sample Collection8.1 Basic Sampling Practices:8.1.1 Bond the sampling equipment to the drum, if specified in the work plan.8.1.2 Note the physical characteristics, including any discrepancies (such as fr
49、ee liquid).8.1.3 Collect the required number of samples from the drum.8.1.3.1 See Practice D4547 for the collection of samples for volatile analysis.8.1.4 Place the collected material in a sample container.8.1.5 Close the sample container.8.1.6 Wipe the outside of the sample container. Dispose of the wipe cloth properly.8.1.7 Record in the field log book all relevant conditions associated with the collection of each sample.8.1.8 Fill out all required paperwork for each sample, as required by the work plan.8.1.9 Complete and attach the label to the side
