1、Designation: D5753 18Standard Guide forPlanning and Conducting Geotechnical BoreholeGeophysical Logging1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5753; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 Purpose and Application:1.1.1 This guide covers the documentation and generalprocedures necessary to plan and conduct a geoph
3、ysicalborehole logging program as commonly applied to geologic,engineering, groundwater, and environmental (hereafter re-ferred to as geotechnical) site characterizations.1.1.2 This guide applies to commonly used logging methods(see Tables 1 and 2) for geotechnical site characterizations.1.1.3 This
4、guide provides an overview of the following:(1) the uses of single borehole geophysical methods,(2) general logging procedures,(3) documentation,(4) calibration, and(5) factors that can affect the quality of borehole geophysi-cal logs and their subsequent interpretation. Log interpretationis very im
5、portant, but specific methods are too diverse to bedescribed in this guide.1.1.4 Logging procedures must be adapted to meet theneeds of a wide range of applications and stated in generalterms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed.1.1.5 To obtain detailed information on operating metho
6、ds,publications (for example, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9)2shouldbe consulted. A limited amount of tutorial information isprovided, but other publications listed herein, including aglossar y of terms and general texts on the subject, should beconsulted for more complete background information.1.2
7、Limitations:1.2.1 This guide is not meant to describe the specific orstandard procedures for running each type of geophysical log,and is limited to measurements in a single borehole.1.2.2 Surface or shallow-depth nuclear gages for measuringwater content or soil density (that is, those typically thou
8、ght ofas construction quality assurance devices), measurementswhile drilling (MWD), cone penetrometer tests, and loggingfor petroleum or minerals are excluded.1.2.3 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. Thi
9、s document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professi
10、onal service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.3 Precautions:1.3.1 If the method is used at sit
11、es with hazardous materials,operations, or equipment, it is the responsibility of the user ofthis guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices,and to determine the applicability of regulations prior to use.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any,
12、 associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with international
13、ly recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D
14、18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published March 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D575305(2010).DOI: 10.1520/D5753-18.2The boldface nu
15、mbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in
16、 accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1TABLE 1 Common Geophysical
17、 LogsType of Log(References)Varieties and RelatedTechniquesProperties MeasuredRequired HoleConditionsOther LimitationsTypical MeasuringUnits and Calibrationor StandardizationBrief ProbeDescriptionSpontaneous potential(7,8,12)differential electric potentialcaused by salinitydifferences in boreholeand
18、 interstitial fluids,streaming potentialsuncased hole filledwith conductive fluidsalinity differenceneeded betweenborehole fluid andinterstitial fluids; needscorrection for otherthan NaCl fluidsmV; calibrated powersupplyrecords naturalvoltages betweenelectrode in well andanother at surfaceSingle-poi
19、nt resistance(7)conventional,differentialresistance of rock,saturating fluid, andborehole fluiduncased hole filledwith conductive fluidnot quantitative; holediameter effects aresignificant;V- meter constant currentapplied across leadelectrode in well andanother at surface ofwellMulti-electroderesist
20、ivity (7,8,13)various normalfocused, guard, lateralarraysresistivity andsaturating fluidsuncased hole filledwith conductive fluidreverses or providesincorrect values andthickness in thin beds-m; resistors acrosselectrodescurrent and potentialelectrodes in probeInduction (10, 11) various coil spacing
21、s conductivity orresistivity of rock andsaturating fluidsuncased hole ornonconductive casing;air or fluid fillednot suitable for highresistivitiesmS or -m; standarddry air zero check orconductive ringtransmitting coil(s)induce eddy currentsin formation; receivingcoil(s) measuresinduced voltage froms
22、econdary magneticfieldGamma (5,7,22) gamma spectral (44) gamma radiation fromnatural or artificialradioisotopesany hole conditions may be problem withvery large hole, orseveral strings ofcasing and cementpulses per second orAPI units; gammasourcescintillation crystal andphotomultiplier tubemeasure g
23、ammaradiationGamma-gamma (23,24)compensated (dualdetector)electron density optimum results inuncased hole; can becalibrated for casingsevere hole-diametereffects; difficultymeasuring formationdensity through casingor drill stemgs/cm3; Al, Mg, orLucite blocksscintillation crystal(s)shielded fromradio
24、active sourcemeasure Comptonscattered gammaNeutron (7, 14, 25) epithermal, thermal,compensated sidewall,activation, pulsedhydrogen content optimum results inuncased hole; can becalibrated for casinghole diameter andchemical effectspulses/s or API units;calibration pit orplastic sleevecrystal(s) or g
25、as-filledtube(s) shielded fromradioactive neutronsourceAcoustic velocity (5,26, 27)compensated,waveform, cementbondcompressional wavevelocity or transit time,or compressionalwave amplitudefluid filled, uncased,except cement bonddoes not detectsecondary porosity;cement bond andwave form requireexpert
26、 analysisvelocity units, forexample, ft/s or m/s ors/ft; steel pipe1 or more transmittersand 2 or morereceiversAcoustic televiewer(28, 7)acoustic caliper acoustic reflectivity ofborehole wallfluid filled, 3 to 16-in.diameter; problems indeviated holesheavy mud or mudcake attenuate signal;slow loggin
27、g speedoriented image, 3 axis-magnetometer , 3axis-accelerometerrotating transducersends and receiveshigh-frequency pulsesOptical televiewer (28,7)optical reflectivity ofborehole wallair or clear water filled,uncased 3 to 16-in.diameter; possibleproblems in highlydeviated holescannot use in mud,slow
28、 logging speedoriented image, 3 axis-magnetometer , 3axis-accelerometerdigital camera withhyperboloidal mirrorimages unwrappedborehole wallBorehole video axial or side view(radial), discontinuities,voidsvisual image on tape air or clean water;clean borehole wallmay need specialcableNAAvideo camera a
29、nd lightsourceCaliper (29, 7) oriented, 4-arm high-resolution, x-y or max-min bow springborehole or casingdiameter, boreholebreakoutsany conditions deviated holes limitsome types; significantresolution differencebetween toolsdistance units, forexample, in.; jig withholes or rings1 to 4 retractable a
30、rmscontact borehole wallTemperature (30, 31,32)differential temperature of fluidnear sensorfluid filled large variation inaccuracy andresolution of toolsC or F; ice bath orconstant temperaturebaththermistor or solid-state sensorFluid conductivity (7) fluid resistivity most measureresistivity of flui
31、d inholefluid filled accuracy varies,requires temperaturecorrectionS/cm or -m;conductivity cellring electrodes in atubeFlow (12, 33, 7) impellers, heat pulse vertical velocity of fluidcolumnfluid filled impellers requirehigher velocities.Needs to becentralized.velocity units, forexample, ft/min; lab
32、flow column or log incasingrotating impellers;thermistors detectheated water; othersensors measuretagged fluid.Deviation (4,7,47) magnetic, gyroscopic,or mechanicalhorizontal and verticaldisplacement ofboreholeany conditions (seelimitations)magnetic methodsorientation not valid insteel casingdegrees
33、 and depthunits; orientation andinclination must becheckedvarious techniques tomeasure inclinationand bearing ofboreholeANA = not applicable.D5753 182TABLE 2 Log Selection Chart for Geotechnical Applications Using Common Geophysical Borehole LogsAD5753 1832. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D
34、653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5608 Practices for Decontamination of Sampling and NonSample Contacting Equipment Used at Low Level Radio-active Waste Sites3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions
35、 of common technical termsused in this standard, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This StandardTermsshall be in accordance with Ref (10).4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide applies to borehole geophysical techniquesthat are commonly used in geotechnical site characteriza
36、tions.This guide briefly describes the significance and use, apparatus,calibration and standardization, procedures and reports forplanning and conducting borehole geophysical logging. Thesetechniques are described briefly in Table 1 and their applica-tions in Table 2.44.2 Many other logging techniqu
37、es and applications aredescribed in the textbooks in the reference list. There are anumber of logging techniques with potential geotechnicalapplications that are either still in the developmental stage orhave limited commercial availability. Some of these techniquesand a reference on each are as fol
38、lows: buried electrode directcurrent resistivity (11), deeply penetrating electromagnetictechniques (12), gravimeter (13), magnetic susceptibility (14),magnetometer, nuclear activation (15), dielectric constant (16),radar (17), deeply penetrating seismic (13), electrical polariz-ability (18), sequen
39、tial fluid conductivity (19), and diameter(20). Many of the guidelines described in this guide also applyto the use of these newer techniques that are still in the researchphase. Accepted practices should be followed at the presenttime for these techniques.5. Significance and Use5.1 An appropriately
40、 developed, documented, and executedguide is essential for the proper collection and application ofborehole geophysical logs.5.2 Borehole geophysical techniques yield direct and indi-rect measurements with depth of the (1) physical, lithologic,mechanical, stresses, hydrologic, discontinuities, and c
41、hemicalproperties of the rock matrix and/or fluid around the borehole,(2) fluid contained in the borehole, and (3) construction of theborehole.5.3 The benefits of its use include improving the following:5.3.1 Selection of logging methods and equipment,5.3.2 Log quality and reliability, and5.3.3 Usef
42、ulness of the log data for subsequent display andinterpretation.6. Apparatus6.1 Geophysical Logging System:6.1.1 Logging probes, also called sondes or tools, enclosethe sensors, sources, electronics for transmitting and receivingsignals, and power supplies.6.1.2 Logging cable routinely carries signa
43、ls to and from thelogging probe and supports the weight of the probe.6.1.3 Draw WorksMoves the logging cable and probe upand down the borehole and provide the connection with theinterfaces and surface controls.6.1.4 A depth measurement system, which provides probedepth information for the interfaces
44、 and surface controls andrecording systems.6.1.5 Surface interfaces and controls that provide some orall of the following: electrical connection, signal conditioning,power, and data transmission between the recording systemand probe.6.1.6 Recording system includes the digital recorder and ananalog d
45、isplay or hard copy device.6.2 Special cases for probes containing any controlledsubstances.6.3 Special badges and/or clothing for working with equip-ment containing any controlled substances.7. Calibration and Standardization of Geophysical Logs7.1 General:7.1.1 National Institute of Standards and
46、Technology(NIST) calibration and operating procedures do not exist forthe borehole geophysical logging industry. However, calibra-tion or standardization physical models are available (seeAppendix X1).7.1.2 Geophysical logs can be used in a qualitative (forexample, comparative) or quantitative manne
47、r, depending onthe project objectives. (For example, a gamma-gamma log canbe used to indicate that one rock is more or less dense thananother, or it can be expressed in density units.)7.1.3 The calibration and standardization scope and fre-quency shall be sufficient for project objectives.7.1.3.1 Ca
48、libration or standardization should be performedeach time a logging probe is modified or repaired or at periodicintervals.7.2 Calibration:7.2.1 Calibration is the process of establishing values forlog response. It can be accomplished with a representativephysical model or laboratory analysis of repr
49、esentativesamples. Calibration data values related to the physical prop-erties (for example, porosity) may be recorded in units (forexample, pulses/s or m/ft) that can be converted to apparentporosity units.7.2.1.1 At least three, and preferably more, values areneeded to establish a calibration curve, and the interface orcontact between different values in the model should be3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
