1、Designation: D5819 18Standard Guide forSelecting Test Methods for Experimental Evaluation ofGeosynthetic Durability1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5819; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、 of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a designer/specifier through a system-atic determination of those factors of the appropriate app
3、lica-tion environment that may affect the post-construction servicelife of a geosynthetic. Subsequently, test methods are recom-mended to facilitate an experimental evaluation of the durabil-ity of geosynthetics in a specified environment so that thedurability can be considered in the design process
4、.1.2 This guide is not intended to address durability issuesassociated with the manufacturing, handling, transportation, orinstallation environments.1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision
5、 on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes ofNonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or
6、 Film at ElevatedTemperatureD1987 Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile orSoil/Geotextile FiltersD2990 Test Methods for Tensile, Compressive, and FlexuralCreep and Creep-Rupture of PlasticsD3083 Specification for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Plas-tic Sheeting for Pond, Canal, and Reserv
7、oir Lining (With-drawn 1998)3D4355/D4355M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-tiles by Exposure to Light, Moisture and Heat in a XenonArc Type ApparatusD4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD4594/D4594M Test Method for Effects of Temperature onStability of GeotextilesD4716/D4716M Test Method for De
8、termining the (In-plane)Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivityof a Geosynthetic Using a Constant HeadD4833/D4833M Test Method for Index Puncture Resistanceof Geomembranes and Related ProductsD4886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Geotextiles(Sand Paper/Sliding Block Method)D5101
9、 Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-ibility of Soil-Geotextile SystemsD5262 Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined TensionCreep and Creep Rupture Behavior of GeosyntheticsD5322 Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures forEvaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics toLiqui
10、dsD5397 Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resis-tance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Con-stant Tensile Load TestD5496 Practice for In Field Immersion Testing of Geosyn-theticsD5567 Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio(HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile SystemsD5721 Practice f
11、or Air-Oven Aging of Polyolefin Geomem-branesD5970/D5970M Test Method for Deterioration of Geotex-tiles from Outdoor ExposureD6992 Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep andCreep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped IsothermalMethodD7238 Test
12、 Method for Effect of Exposure of UnreinforcedPolyolefin Geomembrane Using Fluorescent UV Conden-sation ApparatusD7361 Test Method for Accelerated Compressive Creep ofGeosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Su-perposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method1This guide is under the jurisdict
13、ion of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthet-icsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published February 2018. Originallyapproved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D5819 05 (2016).DOI: 10.1520/D5819-18.2For
14、referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenc
15、ed onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDe
16、velopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D7406 Test Method for Time-Dependent (Creep) Deforma-tion Under Constant Pressure for Geosynthetic DrainageProductsG160 Practice for Evaluating Microbi
17、al Susceptibility ofNonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions relating to geosynthetics used in thisstandard, refer to Terminology D4439.4. Summary of Guide4.1 The effects of a given application environment on thedurability of a geosynthetic m
18、ust be determined throughappropriate testing. Selection of appropriate tests requires asystematic determination of the primary function(s) to beperformed and the associated degradation processes that shouldbe considered. This guide provides a suitable systematicapproach.4.2 Primary functions of geos
19、ynthetics are listed and de-fined in Table 1. With knowledge of the specific geosyntheticapplication area and end use, the corresponding primaryfunction(s) is (are) identified. Table 2 gives degradation con-cerns as they relate to geosynthetic functions. Table 3 gives theenvironmental elements that
20、relate to the various degradationprocesses and the currently available ASTM Committee D35test method for the experimental evaluation of specific types ofgeosynthetic degradation. The following appendixes are in-cluded to provide background information:X1. TerminologyX2. Application/End Use/Primary F
21、unction TablesX3. Example of Test Method Selection ProcedureX4. Design-by-Function DiscussionX5. Commentary on Geosynthetic DurabilityX6. Bibliography5. Significance and Use5.1 Designers/specifiers of geosynthetics should evaluategeosynthetic durability as an integral part of the geosyntheticspecifi
22、cation/selection process. This guide is intended to guidea designer/specifier through a systematic determination ofdegradation concerns based on the intended geosyntheticfunction or performance characteristic. This guide then pro-vides a guide to select available test methods for experimen-tally eva
23、luating geosynthetic durability and to identify areaswhere no suitable test exists.5.2 This guide does not address the evaluation of degrada-tion resulting from manufacturing, handling, transporting, orinstalling the geosynthetic.6. Suggested Procedure6.1 To utilize a structured procedure for select
24、ing appropri-ate test methods, the geosynthetic designer/specifier must haveknowledge of:6.1.1 The intended geosynthetic application,6.1.2 The end use of the geosynthetic via its primaryfunction(s) or performance characteristic(s), or both,6.1.3 The specific environment to which the geosyntheticwill
25、 be exposed,6.1.4 The types of geosynthetics that may or will be used,and6.1.5 The duration or time of use (that is, service life).6.2 With this knowledge, the designer/specifier follows thefollowing procedure:6.2.1 Identify the primary function(s) or performancecharacteristic(s), or both, to be per
26、formed by the geosyntheticin the specific application and end use intended. Functions andperformance characteristics are defined in Table 1. (Tables forguidance in identifying primary function(s) and performancecharacteristics are given in Appendix X2.)6.2.2 Using Table 2, identify the potential deg
27、radationprocess(es) that will almost always (denoted as “A”) orsometimes (denoted as “S”) be of concern when a geosyntheticperforms the primary function(s) or provides the performancecharacteristic(s), or both, which were identified in 6.2.1.Appendix X1 contains associated notes to Table 2 that help
28、 toidentify the process(es) that is (are) sometimes a concern in thespecific expected application environment.TABLE 1 FunctionsAand Other Performance CharacteristicsBContainmentB(C)A geosynthetic provides containment when it encapsulates or surrounds materials such as sand, rocks, and fresh concrete
29、.CFiltrationA(F)A geosynthetic performs the filtration function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows for adequate liquid flow with limited soil lossacross the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.Fluid BarrierA(FB)A geos
30、ynthetic performs the fluid barrier function when it essentially eliminates the migration of fluids through it.Fluid TransmissionA(a.k.a. drainage)A geosynthetic performs the fluid transmission function when the equilibrium geotextile-to-soil system allows foradequate flow with limited soil loss wit
31、hin the plane of the geotextile over a service lifetime compatible with the application under consideration.InsulationB(I)A geosynthetic provides insulation when it reduces the passage of heat, electricity, or sound.ProtectionA(P)A geosynthetic, placed between two materials, performs the protection
32、function when it alleviates or distributes stresses and strainstransmitted to the material to be protected.ReinforcementA(R)A geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function when it provides often synergistic improvement of a total systems strength createdby the introduction of a tensile force into
33、 a soil (good in compression but poor in tension) or other disjointed and separated material.ScreeningB(Scr)A geosynthetic, placed across the path of a flowing fluid (ground water, surface water, wind) carrying particles in suspension, providesscreening when it retains some or all soil fine particle
34、s while allowing the fluid to pass through. After some period of time, particles accumulate against thescreen which requires that the screen be able to withstand pressures generated by the accumulated particles and the increasing fluid pressure.SeparationA(S)A geosynthetic placed between dissimilar
35、materials so that the integrity and functioning of both materials can remain intact or be improvedperforms the separation function.Surface StabilizationB(SS)A geosynthetic, placed on a soil surface, provides surface stabilization when it restricts movement and prevents dispersion ofsurface soil part
36、icles subjected to erosion actions (rain, wind), often while allowing or promoting vegetative growth.Vegetative ReinforcementB(VR)A geosynthetic provides vegetative reinforcement when it extends the erosion control limits and performance of vegetation.AFunctions are used in the context of this guide
37、 as terms that can be quantitatively described by standard tests or design techniques, or both.BOther performance characteristics are qualitative descriptions that are not yet supported by standard tests or generally accepted design techniques.Noteduring the placement of fresh concrete in a geotexti
38、le flexible form, the geosynthetic functions temporarily as a filter to allow excess water to escape.D5819 1826.2.3 Using Table 3, select the test method(s) that applies tothe potential degradation process(es) identified in 6.2.2 as aconcern(s) in the specific application environment expected.NOTE 1
39、Guidance is given in Table 3 to identify the most importantelements or variables relating to each degradation process.TABLE 2 Geosynthetic Function/Durability AssessmentAFunctionPotential Degradation ProcessBExplanations ofPrimary Long-TermConcernsAbbrevi-ationBio-logicalDegra-dationChem-icalDegra-d
40、ationChem-icalDissol-utionClogging/PipingCreepEnviron-mentalStressCrackingHydrol-ysisMechan-icalDamagePhoto-Degra-dationPlastici-zationStressRelax-ationTemper-atureInsta-bilityThermal-Degra-dationContainment C PC,DSESESFSGNSHSISJNSGNSKRemain intact andmaintain filtrationperformanceFiltration F PC,DS
41、ESEALSMNSHSISJNSMNSKMaintain designfiltration and resistdeformation andintrusionFluid Barrier FB SCSESENSGAN,OSHSISJNSGSPSKMaintain intendedlevel of essentialimpermeabilityFluid Transmission FT PC,DSESEAQARAOSHSISJNARNSKMaintain flow undercompressive loadsInsulation I PC,DSESEN N N N N N N N N N Min
42、imize temperaturelosses and gainsacross geosynProtection P PC,DSESENSSNSHNSJNSSNSKMaintain protectiveperformanceReinforcement R PC,DSESE,PTNAUPOSHPTSJPVSUSUSKProvide necessarystrength, stiffnessand soil interactionScreening Scr PC,DSESESWNNSHSISJNN N SKMaintain filtrationperformance andresist deform
43、ationSeparation S PC,DSESENNNSHPXSJNN N SKRemain intactSurfaceStabilizationSS PC,DSESE HAYAY KRemain intact to resisterosive forces untilvegetation isestablishedVegetativeReinforcementVR PC,DSESENNNSHAYAYNN N SKRemain intactthroughoutvegetationARefer to Appendix X1 for terminology relating to Table
44、2.BM = Not a generally recognized concern; S = Sometimes a concern; A = Almost always a concern; P = Potential concern being researched.CMicroorganisms have been known to attack and digest additives (plasticizers, lubricants, emulsifiers) used to plasticize some base polymers. This attack will chang
45、ephysical and mechanical properties. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers incorporated into geosynthetic products. Embrittlement of geosynthetic surfacesmay influence interaction properties.DMicrobial enzymes have been known to initiate and propagate reactions deteriorative to some bas
46、e polymers. Study is needed to determine relevance to polymers usedin geosynthetic products.EChemical degradation or dissolution, or both, including the leaching of plasticizers or additives from the polymer structure, may be a concern for some geosyntheticsexposed to liquids containing unusually hi
47、gh concentrations of metals, salts, or chemicals, especially at elevated temperatures.FIf select fill is not available, then a clogging resistance test should be performed with the job-specific soil.GGeosynthetics in containment structures which require long-term strength characteristics should be d
48、esigned using appropriate creep and stress relaxation criteria.HHydrolysis may be a concern for polyester (PET) and polyamide (PA) geosynthetics exposed to extreme pH conditions, especially at elevated temperatures.IWhen subject to rocking (abrasion), puncture (floating or airborne debris), or cutti
49、ng (equipment or vandalism).JWhen permanently exposed or in extended construction phases (24 weeks) and in “wrap-around” construction, photo degradation may be a concern for the exposedgeosynthetic.KGeosynthetics in applications such as dam facings and floating covers which results in exposure to temperatures at or above ambient must be stabilized to resist thermaloxidation.LClogging resistance of geotextiles can only be assessed by testing with site-specific soil and (sometimes) liquid.MIf a filter geotextile is used with a geonet, it is important to assess short-ter
