1、Designation: D5831 09D5831 17Standard Test Method Practice forScreening Fuels in Soils1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5831; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number i
2、n parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. Ifthe contaminant fuel
3、is available for calibration, the approximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If thecontaminant fuel type is known, but the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the concentration of thefuel in the soil can be determined using average response fac
4、tors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is unknown, this screeningtest method can be used to identify the possible presence of contamination.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not pu
5、rport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D27
6、77 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of Applicable Test Methods of Committee D19 on WaterE131 Terminology Relating to Molecular SpectroscopyE169 Practices for General Techniques of Ultraviolet-Visible Quantitative AnalysisE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM T
7、est MethodsE275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance of Ultraviolet and Visible SpectrophotometersE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test MethodE925 Practice for Monitoring the Calibration of Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometers whose
8、 Spectral Bandwidth does notExceed 2 nm3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this screening test method, refer to Terminology E131.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of soil is extracted with isopropyl alcohol, and the extract is filtered. The ultraviolet absorbance of the
9、 extract ismeasured at 254 nm. If the contaminant fuel is available for calibration, the approximate concentration of contamination iscalculated. If the contaminant fuel type is known, but the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of thecontaminant concentration is determine
10、d using average response factors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is not known, theabsorbance value is used to indicate the presence or absence of fuel contamination. Calcium oxide is added to the soil as aconditioning agent to minimize interferences from humic materials and moisture present i
11、n the soil. Particulate interferences areremoved by passing the extract through a filter.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. Ifthe contaminant fuel is available for calibration, the approxi
12、mate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If the fuel1 This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.05 onScreening Methods.Current edition approved July 1, 2009Dec. 1, 2017. P
13、ublished August 2009December 2017. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 asD5831 03 (2008).D5831 09. DOI: 10.1520/D5831-09.10.1520/D5831-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For A
14、nnual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not
15、be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
16、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1type is known, but the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the contaminant fuel concentration can becalculated using average response factors. If the nature of the contaminant fuel is unknown, a contaminan
17、t concentration cannotbe calculated, and the test method can only be used only to indicate the presence or absence of fuel contamination.5.2 Fuels containing aromatic compounds, such as diesel fuel and gasoline, as well as other aromatic-containing hydrocarbonmaterials, such as crude oil, coal oil,
18、and motor oil, can be determined by this test method. The quantitation limit for diesel fuelis about 75 mg/kg. Approximate quantitation limits for other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials that can be determinedby this screening test method are given in Table 1. Quantitation limits for highly
19、aliphatic materials, such as aviation gasoline andsynthetic motor oil, are much higher than those for more aromatic materials, such as coal oil and diesel fuel.NOTE 1The quantitation limits listed in Table 1 are approximate values because in this test method, the quantitation limit can be influenced
20、 by theparticular fuel type and soil background levels. For information on how the values given in Table 1 were determined, see Appendix X1. Data generatedduring the development of this screening test method and other information pertaining to this test method can be found in the research reports. (
21、1,2)35.3 When applying this test method to sites contaminated by diesel fuel, care should be taken in selecting the appropriateresponse factor from the list given in Table 2, with consideration given to whether or not the fuel contamination is fresh or hasundergone weathering/or biodegradation proce
22、sses. See Appendix X2.5.4 A factor to consider in using this test method is whether the contamination is a mixture of one or more fuel types. If thisis the case, and a site-specific response factor (see Appendix X2, Section X2.3) cannot be determined, the response factors for theindividual fuel type
23、s in the mixture should be used to estimate contaminant concentrations.5.5 Certain materials, such as asphalts and asphalt residuals and oils and pitch from trees and other vegetation, which respondas fuel when tested by the method giving high blank absorbance values, may interfere with use of this
24、test method. See 8.1.2.1and Note 3 for information on determining if the test method can be applied to a specific soil containing one or more of these typesof materials.5.6 Extractable material, which scatters or absorbs light at 254 nm, is a potential interference for this screening test method.6.
25、Apparatus6.1 Glass Bottles, wide-mouth, 125-mL with polytetrafluoroethylene-lined lids.6.2 Portable Scale, (for field testing) or laboratory balance, capable of weighing to 0.1 g.6.3 Portable Stirring Device, (for field testing) or magnetic stir bar and stirrer, which result in motion of the solids
26、duringstirring.6.4 Syringes, disposable, polyethylene or polypropylene, 10-mL capacity.6.5 Syringe Filters, disposable, polytetrafluoroethylene, 0.45-m pore size, 25-mm diameter.6.6 Spectrometer, set at 254 nm with a 1-cm path length, quartz cell (cuvette).6.7 Volumetric Flasks and Pipets, for prepa
27、ring standard solutions.6.8 Laboratory Balance, capable of weighing to 0.0001 g.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall be used in all screening tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intendedthat all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Committe
28、e on Analytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society3 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.TABLE 1 Approximate Quantitation Limits for Various Fuel Typesin Soils Based on 0.036 AUMaterial Limit of Quantitation (LOQ),mg/kgCoal Oil 21Crude
29、Oil 61Diesel Fuel 75Weathered Diesel Fuel 21Used Motor Oil 162Weathered Gasoline 170Unleaded Gasoline 316Jet Fuel JP-2 378Motor Oil 533Aviation Gasoline 1066Synthetic Motor Oil 1382D5831 172where such specifications are available.4 Other grades may be used provided it is first ascertained that the r
30、eagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the determination.7.2 Calcium Oxide Powder, Reagent GradeUse calcium oxide powder, reagent grade dried at 900C for 12 h and stored ina desiccator or tightly sealed glass container prior to use. This is a conditi
31、oning agent for removal of interferences caused by thepresence of humic material or moisture, or both, in the sample.7.3 Isopropyl Alcohol, Reagent GradeThe extraction solvent should have an absorbance value versus air that is less than 0.1.To maintain purity, the solvent should not be stored for lo
32、nger than one week in a container having a composition that may leachUV-absorbing materials.7.3.1 Transportation of isopropyl alcohol for field testing must comply with current Department of Transportation (DOT)regulations.8. Procedure8.1 Running Blank Analyses:8.1.1 To ensure that the batch of cond
33、itioning agent, syringe, filter cartridge, and so forth, are not contributing to the absorbancereading, it is recommended that the procedure be performed as specified in 8.3 and 8.4, except using no soil and approximately5 g of calcium oxide. If the resulting extract has an absorbance value greater
34、than 0.03, the various components should be testedindividually by contacting them with the extraction solvent, and the problem component(s) should be replaced.8.1.2 In this procedure, the conditioning agent inhibits the extraction of most humic materials, and there is very little, if any,background
35、from inorganic materials. It is recommended, however, that a blank soil sample be tested as specified in 8.3 and 8.4by extracting contaminant-free soil of the same type and from the same general area as the site being studied. Approximately 5g of calcium oxide should be used for this blank extractio
36、n. Results from the blank soil analysis can be used to provide informationon the blank soil absorbance value, the amount of calcium oxide required to dry the soil and inhibit extraction of humic materials,and the time it takes the soil and calcium oxide to settle after stirring.8.1.2.1 If the absorb
37、ance value of the first soil blank extract is less than 0.05, extraction of the soil samples at the site shouldbe performed using 5 g of calcium oxide. If the absorbance value of the first soil blank extract is greater than 0.05, a second blanksample should be extracted using additional calcium oxid
38、e. As stated in 8.1.2, for the first blank sample, approximately 5 g ofcalcium oxide should be used. If a second blank analysis is required, approximately 10 g of calcium oxide should be added to thesoil sample. If the absorbance value of the second blank extract is lower than for the first blank ex
39、tract, but is still greater than0.05, a third blank sample should be tested using approximately 15 g of calcium oxide. These steps can be repeated, increasingthe amount of calcium oxide by approximately 5 g each time, until the blank absorbance value is less than 0.05. In this way, theamount of calc
40、ium oxide required to inhibit interferences from humic material and moisture in the soil can be determined. Excesscalcium oxide will not affect the analysis results. If the absorbance of the value of the second blank extract is not decreased bythe addition of 10 g of calcium oxide to the blank sampl
41、e or if the addition of calcium oxide does not lower the absorbance ofthe blank extract to less than 0.05, even with the addition of a large quantity of conditioning agent, and the absorbance of the blankextract is less than 0.1, the blank absorbance value can be subtracted from the sample absorbanc
42、e values. If this is done, blanksamples from around the site should be tested to ensure that the blank soil absorbance is constant by 60.02 absorbance units. Ifthe blank absorbance for the second blank is not decreased by the addition of 10 g of calcium oxide and the absorbance of the blankextract i
43、s greater than 0.1, or if blank, correction is not desired, use of an alternative non-UV-absorbing extraction solvent shouldbe considered. If an alternative solvent is used, the steps described in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2 should be repeated using the different solvent.4 Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical S
44、ociety Specifications, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not listed bythe American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia and NationalFormulary, U.S. Pharma
45、copeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville, MD.TABLE 2 Reciprocal Absorptivities at 254 nm for a 1-cm PathLength CellMaterial 1/Absorptivity, mg/L/AUCoal Oil 59Crude Oil 169Diesel Fuel 209Weathered Diesel Fuel 58Used Motor Oil 450Weathered Gasoline 473Unleaded Gasoline 877Jet Fuel JP-2 1050Motor Oil
46、 1480Aviation Gasoline 2960Synthetic Motor Oil 3840D5831 1738.1.2.2 Note the time required for the soil and calcium oxide to settle after stirring as determined in 8.1.2 or 8.1.2.1 byperforming the blank soil analysis(es).NOTE 2An example of a non-UV-absorbing solvent that has been used in place of
47、isopropyl alcohol in this method is n-heptane. Information on useof this solvent can be found in the research report. (2)NOTE 3In testing soil suspected of containing asphalt materials or oils or pitch from trees or other vegetation, it is recommended that if the blankabsorbance value cannot be lowe
48、red to less than 0.05 by the addition of calcium oxide, the blank absorbance value should be subtracted from the sampleabsorbance values. However, as stated in 8.1.2.1, this should only be done if the blank absorbance is less than 0.1. If the blank absorbance is greater than0.1, the method should no
49、t be used to test the soil.8.1.3 Also, it is recommended that one spike should be run for every batch of samples or for every 20 samples, whichever ismost frequent. A soil sample is spiked by adding 5 L of diesel fuel or 25 L of gasoline and shaking the bottle for 3 min. Theextraction and analysis then are performed as outlined in 8.3.3 8.4.5. Recovery is calculated by comparing the absorbance of theextract from the spiked soil at 254 nm with the absorbance of a solution of 5 L of diesel fuel or 25 L of gasoline in 50 mL ofisopropyl alcohol. After correction for
