1、Designation: D 5872 95 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forUse of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods forGeoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5872; the number immediately following the designa
2、tion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers how casing-adv
3、ancement drilling andsampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental explo-ration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoringdevices.1.2 Different methods exist to advance casing for geoenvi-ronmental exploration. Selection of a particular method shouldbe made on the basis of geolog
4、ic conditions at the site. Thisguide does not include procedures for wireline rotary casingadvancer systems which are addressed in Guide D 5786.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound or SI units are to beregarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are for information only.1.4 Ca
5、sing-advancement drilling methods for geoenviron-mental exploration and monitoring-device installations willoften involve safety planning, administration and documenta-tion. This guide does not purport to specifically addressexploration and site safety.1.5 This standard does not purport to address a
6、ll of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor
7、 a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-se
8、nt or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough th
9、e ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 4428/D 4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 5088 Practices for Decontaminat
10、ion of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and RockD 5521 Guide for Development of Ground-Water Monitor-ing Wells in Granular AquifersD 5782 Guide for Use of Di
11、rect Air-Rotary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Draw-down Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifer Systems3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used with
12、in this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653 with the addition of the following:3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 bentonitethe common name for drilling fluid addi-tives and well-construction products consisting mostly ofnaturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentoni
13、te productshave chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published
14、July 2006. Originally approvedin 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E 5872 95 (2000).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Docu
15、ment Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.2 bentonite granules and chipsirregularly-shaped par-ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been driedand separated into a specific
16、 size range.3.2.3 bentonite pelletsroughly spherical- or disc-shapedunits of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect thewater-quality analysis).3.2.4 cleanout depththe depth to which the end of the drillstring (bit or core barrel cutt
17、ing end) has reached after aninterval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it isreferred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in thebottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft(0.03 m).3.2.5 coeffcient of uniformity Cu(D), the ratio D60/D10,where D60is t
18、he particle diameter corresponding to 60 % fineron the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D10isthe particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on thecumulative particle-size distribution curve.3.2.6 drawworksa power-driven winch, or severalwinches, usually equipped with a clutch and
19、brake system(s)for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.3.2.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole orboring.3.2.8 drill stringthe complete rotary drilling assemblyunder rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods andco
20、nnector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assemblyis used to determine drilling depth by referencing the positionof the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.3.2.9 filter packalso known as a gravel pack or primaryfilter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations.
21、Thegravel pack is usually granular material, having selectedgrain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoringdevice and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filterpack or gravel envelope is to act as: a non-clogging filter whenthe aquifer is not suited to natural development or,
22、 act as aformation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for naturaldevelopment.3.2.9.1 DiscussionUnder most circumstances a clean,quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases apre-packed screen may be used.3.2.10 hoisting lineor drilling line, is wire rope used onthe drawworks to hoist and
23、 lower the drill string.3.2.11 in-situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typicallypushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a boreholefollowing completion of an increment of drilling. However,some in-situ testing devices (such as elec
24、tronic pressuretransducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) mayrequire lowering and setting of the device(s) in pre-existingboreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of loweringrods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctlyposition the device(s) in the borehole.3.2
25、.12 mastor derrick, on a drilling rig is used forsupporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,hoisting lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry theexpected loads encountered in drilling and completion of wellsof the diameter and depth for which the rig manufacturerspecifies the e
26、quipment.3.2.12.1 DiscussionTo allow for contingencies, it is rec-ommended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at leasttwice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.3.2.13 piezometeran instrument placed below ground sur-face to measure hydraulic head at a point.3.2.14 subsurface
27、 water-quality monitoring deviceaninstrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample foranalyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-ments.4. Significance and Use4.1 Casing advancement may be used in support of geoe
28、n-vironmental exploration and for installation of subsurfacewater-quality monitoring devices in both unconsolidated andconsolidated materials. Casing-advancement systems and pro-cedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumen-tation installations consist of direct air-rotary drilling uti
29、lizingconventional rotary bits or a down-the-hole hammer drill withunderreaming capability, in combination with a drill-throughcasing driver.NOTE 1Direct air-rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation ofdrill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may beinjected into
30、the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity andcuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturingof the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drillingpressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. Ifborehole damage becomes appa
31、rent, consideration to other drilling meth-od(s) should be given.4.1.1 Casing-advancement methods allow for installation ofsubsurface water-quality monitoring devices and collection ofwater-quality samples at any depth(s) during drilling.4.1.2 Other advantages of casing-advancement drillingmethods i
32、nclude: the capability of drilling without the intro-duction of any drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; maintenanceof hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-wellinstallation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidatedmaterials.4.1.3 The user of casing-advancement drilling for geoen
33、vi-ronmental exploration and monitoring-device installationsshould be cognizant of both the physical (temperature andairborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants andpossible fluid additives) qualities of compressed air that may beused as the circulating medium.4.2 The application of casin
34、g-advancement drilling togeoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sam-pling, or in-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing. The user mayinstall a monitoring device within the same borehole whereinsampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was per-formed.4.3 The subsurface water-q
35、uality monitoring devices thatare addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- orporous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installedwith a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deterthe movement of
36、fluids or infiltration of surface water betweenhydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see PracticeD 5872 95 (2006)2D 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device usedfor measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of apiezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should bem
37、ade only after consideration of the overall quality andintegrity of the installation to include the quality of materialsthat will contact sampled water or gas. Both water-qualitymonitoring devices and piezometers should have adequatecasing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to detercommuni
38、cation of contaminants between hydrologic units.5. Apparatus5.1 Casing-advancement systems and procedures used forgeoenvironmental exploration and instrumentation installa-tions include: direct air rotary in combination with a drill-through casing driver, and conventional rotary bits or down-the-hol
39、e hammer drill with or without underreaming capability.Each of these methods requires a specific type of drill rig andtools.NOTE 2In NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and corebarrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API)3and theDiamond Core Drill Manufacturers Asso
40、ciation (DCDMA). Refer to theDCDMA Technical Manual4and to published materials of API foravailable sizes and capacities of drilling tools equipment.5.1.1 Direct air-rotary drill rigs equipped with drill-throughcasing drivers have a mast-mounted, percussion driver that isused to set casing while simu
41、ltaneously utilizing a top-headrotary-drive unit. The drill string is generally advanced with bitbeing slightly ahead of the casing. Fig. 1 shows the variouscomponents of the drill-through casing driver system. Othermechanical components include casings, drill rods, drill bits,air compressors, press
42、ure lines, swivels, dust collectors, andair-cleaning device (cyclone separator).5.1.1.1 Mast-Mounted Casing Driver, using a piston acti-vated by air pressure to create driving force. Casing drivers aredevised to principally drive casing down while drilling but theycan also be used to drive the casin
43、g upward for casing removal.5.1.1.2 Standard Casings, driven with the casing driver. Thebottom of the casing is equipped with a forged or cast alloydrive shoe. The top of the casing fits into the casing driver bymeans of an anvil. In hard formations casings may be weldedat connections for added stab
44、ility. The casing size is usuallyselected to provide a drill hole of sufficient diameter for therequired sampling or testing or for insertion of instrumentationdevice components such as the screened intake and filter packand installation devices such as a tremie pipe.5.1.1.3 Other considerations for
45、 selection of casing size areborehole depth and formation type. The casing size shouldallow for adequate annulus between the casing and the drill rodfor upward discharge of cuttings.Also, consideration should bemade when difficult formations are expected to require tele-scoping from larger to smalle
46、r casing diameters.5.1.1.4 Drill Rods, used inside the casing for rotary airdrilling. The rods extend through the casing driver and areconnected to a top-head drive motor for rotation and transfer ofrotational force from the drill rig to the bit or core barrel. Drillrod and casing are usually assemb
47、led as a unit and raised intoposition on the mast. Individual drill rods should be straight sothey do not contribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” ofthe drill-rod column. All threaded connections should be ingood repair and not leak significantly at the internal airpressure required for dril
48、ling. Drill rods should be made upsecurely by wrench tightening at the threaded joint(s) at alltimes to prevent rod damage. Drill pipes usually requirelubricants on the threads to allow easy unthreading (breaking)of the connecting joints. Some lubricants have organic ormetallic constituents, or both
49、, that could be interpreted ascontaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants areavailable that have components of known chemistry. The effectof pipe-thread lubricants on chemical analyses of samplesshould be considered and documented when using casing-advancement drilling. The same consideration and documen-tation should be given to lubricants used with water swivels,hoisting swivels, or other devices used near the drilling axis.3American Petroleum Institute, “API Specifications for Casing, Tubing, andDrill Pipe,” API Spec 5A, (API), 1220 L. St., NW, Was
