1、Designation: D 5883 96 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forUse of Rotary Kiln Produced Expanded Shale, Clay or Slate(ESCS) as a Mineral Amendment in Topsoil Used forLandscaping and Related Purposes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5883; the number immediately following the design
2、ation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the material
3、characteristics, physicalrequirements, and sampling appropriate for the designation ofthe material as a mineral amendment.1.2 The presence in the topsoil of the correct nutrient andpH level is necessary for healthy plant growth. This guide doesnot, however, cover a determination of the nutrients, no
4、r theiravailability.2NOTE 1The nutrient content of topsoil is important and the chemicalsusually evaluated are nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium. Nutrient defi-ciencies may be corrected by using fertilizers. Excess soluble salts shouldbe examined as to their desirability. The acidity or alkalinity
5、of the soil isalso important. Excess acidity may be corrected by the application of limedust. Excess alkalinity may be corrected by the application of sulfur orother suitable acidifying compounds. The latter item, in addition tolowering pH, also could be considered as an aggregate when consideringth
6、e particle size distribution.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of t
7、his standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replac
8、e education orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be jud
9、ged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 29/C 29M Test Method for Unit
10、Weight and Voids inAggregate3C 566 Test Method for Total Moisture Content of Aggregateby Drying3D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates4D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluids5D 1140 Test Method for Amount of Material in Soils Finerthan No. 200 (75 m) Sieve5D 4972 Test Method for
11、 pH of Soils5D 5268 Specification for Topsoil Used for LandscapingPurposes5E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this speci-fication, refer to Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3
12、.2.1 amendment, physicalany substance, such as sand,calcined clay, peat, or sawdust, added to the soil to alter itsphysical properties.3.2.2 slit trench draina narrow trench (usually 5 to 10centimeters wide) back-filled to the surface with a material,such as sand, gravel, or crushed rock, to facilit
13、ate surface orsubstance drainage.3.2.3 soil amendment (physical), nany substance, such assand, calcined clay, shale or slate, peat or sandust, added to thesoil to alter its physical properties.3.2.4 soil modification, nalteration of soil characteristicsby addition of physical amendments: commonly us
14、ed to1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Medium forPlant Growth.Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1996. Published November 1997. Originallypublished as D 5883 95. Last previous edition D 5883
15、 95.2Nutrient testing procedures are found in the state Agricultural ExperimentStation recommendations from the state within which the landscape is located,“Methods of Soil Analysis” Editor-in-Chief: C. A. Black, Agronomy No. 9, Vol 2,American Society of Agronomy, Inc., Madison, WI, and Hesse, P.R.,
16、 A Textbook ofSoil Chemical Analysis, Chemical Publishing Co., New York, NY 1972.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
17、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.improve physical conditions of soils.3.2.5 soil probea soil sampling tool having a hollowcylinder with a cutting edge at the lower end.3.2.6 topdressing, na prepared soil mix added to a turfsurface and usually physically worked in by ma
18、tting, raking,irrigating, or all three, to a smooth surface.3.2.7 topsoil, nusually the original surface layer of grass-land or cultivated land. Topsoil does not generally include soilfrom peatlands or other special areas, such as land disturbed byindustrial activity. Topsoil is usually a darker sha
19、de of brown,gray, or red than the subsoil that lies immediately beneath it,because it contains organic matter intimately mixed with themineral matter. Topsoil tends to be more friable and perviousthan inorganic soils.4. Significance and Use4.1 When physically evaluating a soil, relative to its suit-
20、ability to support plant growth (primarily grasses), tests mustbe performed to determine the presence and amount of solidmatter (organic and inorganic) compatibility that can determinepotential air-void content and water-holding ability, and finally,deleterious materials.4.2 Typical general ranges o
21、f soil content for suitabletopsoils are presented in Specification D 5268. It should berecognized, however, that in some geographic regions, concur-rence with the values in the referenced table would be difficult.In such situations, locally acceptable specifications need to bedeveloped.5. Function a
22、nd Material5.1 FunctionThe potential/success of a topsoil amend-ment is measured/determined by its ability to provide some orall of the desired properties/characteristics of the topsoil thatare absent in the unamended topsoil or soil. Soils consistessentially of three space-occupying components: wat
23、er, airvoids, and solid particulate matter. The third component can befurther divided into two sub-components: organic matter, suchas peat, muck or other decayed matter: and inorganic mineralmatter, such as clay, silt and sand. ESCS falls into the lattergroup of the third component sub-component gro
24、up, as a bettersubstitute for sand.5.2 MaterialESCS, is a rotary kiln produced vesicularamorphous silicate particulate material. It is a highly porous,low density material with an apparent specific gravity ofapproximately 0.8 to 2.4, and a dry/loose unit weight ofapproximately 35 to 70 lb/ft3, (561
25、to 1121 kg/m3). Thepre-sized raw shale, clay or slate used to produce ESCS is firedin the kiln at a temperature between 1800F (982C) and2200F (1205C). As it exits the kiln the material is sterile,inert, and ceramic. Some crushing may be performed tofacilitate final sizing in a screening system. ESCS
26、 in generallyneutral in pH although the pH can vary somewhat dependingon the raw material and the fuel in the kiln. Density, or looseunit weight, is determined by Test Method C 29/C 29M. Theabsorption may be determined by Test Method C 566 aftersoaking the sample a sufficient period of time, usually
27、 3 to 7days, depending on the source and the grading of the material.The particle distribution may be determined with appropriatesieves as stated in Specification E 11. The ESCS may besampled in accordance with Practice D 75.6. Application6.1 ESCS is generally used in horticultural topsoil applica-t
28、ions as a substitute for the sand sub-component of soils solidcomponent (see Specification D 5268, Table 1). The mainadjustment that needs to be made is a correction for the weightand volume relationship of ESCS fines, that is, the minus No.4 (4.75 mm) sieve size to a similar size of sand. The oven-
29、dryor saturated surface dry/loose unit weight tests (see TestMethod C 29/C 29M) can be performed to establish theweight-volume relationship. Typically, a loose cubic foot ofESCS fines will weigh approximately from 35 lb/ft3(560 kg/m3to 70 lb/ft3) (1120 kg/m3) depending on the source. Absorptionof ES
30、CS varies with the source, but is usually from approxi-mately 18 % to 35 % of the oven-dry loose unit weight. Severalblends of topsoil using ESCS with or in place of the sandshould be prepared and evaluated with regard to potential foraeration, moisture retention, resistance to compaction, and theot
31、her items covered in Specification D 5268.NOTE 2ESCS was originally patented as Haydite in 1918. It has beenused in horticultural research as well as in private and commercial plant(and grass) soil modification management in the United States and Europesince the early 1920s. It is used extensively i
32、n hydroponics, as well.7. Keywords7.1 horticulture; landscaping; mineral amendment Haydite;soil; soil amendment; modification; topsoilASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standa
33、rd are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif
34、 not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, whi
35、ch you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 5883 96 (2002)2
