1、Designation: D 5891 02Standard Test Method forFluid Loss of Clay Component of Geosynthetic Clay Liners1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5891; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers an index method that enablesthe evaluation of fluid loss properties of a clay mineral filmdeposited o
3、n a filter paper from a 6 % solids slurry of claymineral at 100-psi (-kPa) pressure as a measure of its useful-ness for permeability or hydraulic conductivity reduction ingeosynthetic clay liners (GCL).1.2 This test method is adapted from American PetroleumInstitute drilling fluid specifications for
4、 bentonite.1.3 Powdered clay mineral is tested as produced; granularclay mineral should be ground to 100 % passing a 100 meshU.S. Standard Sieve with a minimum of 65 % passing a 200mesh U.S. Standard Sieve with the whole ground product usedfor testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be rega
5、rded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
6、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.22. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water3E 1 Specification for Thermometers4E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-poses5E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toD
7、etermine the Precision of a Test Method5E 725 Test Method of Sampling Granular Carriers andGranular Pesticides62.2 API Standards:API RP 131, Recommended Practice for Laboratory Testingof Drilling Fluids7API Specification 13A, 4, 14th ed. for Drilling Fluid Mate-rials73. Terminology3.1 Definitions Fo
8、r definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to API Standards and ASTM definitions for GCLproducts.4. Significance and Use4.1 Clay mineral is the functional component of GCL thatreduces the hydraulic conductivity of industrial waste orground water through the liner.4.2 Clay mineral quality
9、can vary significantly and effect thehydraulic conductivity of the GCL composite. This test methodevaluates a significant property of clay mineral that relates toperformance.5. Apparatus5.1 Laboratory Balance, 100 g capacity, 60.01-g accuracyand precision.5.2 Weighing Paper, or small weighing dish.5
10、.3 Graduated Cylinder, 500 6 5-mL graduated TD (todeliver) with 10-mL subdivisions, Class A volumetricallycalibrated; 10 6 0.1-mL graduated cylinder, graduated TC (tocontain) with 0.1-mL subdivisions.5.4 U.S. Standard Sieve, 100 mesh, 200 mesh, and auto-mated sieve shaker.5.5 Mortar and Pestle or La
11、boratory Hammer Mill, forgrinding clay mineral to required particle sizing.5.6 ASTM Calibration Immersion Thermometer,0to10560.5C (see Specification E 1).5.7 Mixer11 000 6 300 rpm under load with singlesine-wave impeller approximately 25 mm (1.0 in.) in diameter8(mounted flash side up). The impeller
12、 shall be replaced when itweighs a minimum of 5.1 g, from an original weight of about5.5 g. New blades will be weighed prior to installation in orderto ensure conformance to manufacturing criteria. Mixer speed1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 onGeosynthetics and is th
13、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.04 on Geosyn-thetic Clay Liners.Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originallypublished as D 589195. Last previous edition D 589101.2When bentonite is removed from a GCL product for testing, it may includeadhesives that can in
14、fluence test results.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.5Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.7Available from American Petroleum Institute, 1801 K St. N.W., Washington,DC 20226.8For example, Sterling Multi
15、mixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller bladesavailable from Fann Instrument Co., P.O. Box 4350, Houston, TX 77210, has beenfound suitable for this purpose.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.under sample loading shall be dete
16、rmined and documentedonce every 90 days unless the manufacturer has documentedobjective evidence to extend calibration time.NOTE 1Sterling Multimixer Model 9B with 9B29X impeller blades orequivalent may be obtained from the suppliers given in Footnote 9.5.8 Mixing ContainerApproximate dimensions are
17、 180mm (7 in.) deep, 97-mm (31316-in.) inner diameter at top, and70-mm (234-in.) inner diameter at bottom.9NOTE 2Mixing containers or equivalent may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 8.5.9 Timers, 30 min, two interval, mechanical or electrical,precision 60.1 min.5.10 Spatula, flat blad
18、e, to dislodge clay mineral clumpsadhering to the mixing container walls.5.11 Covered or Sealed Container, of 400 to 600-mLcapacity.5.12 Ambient Temperature/Low-Pressure Filter Press, con-forming to API RP 13B-1, Section 3.2. This filter press consistsmainly of a cylindrical cell having an inside di
19、ameter of 76.2mm (3 in.) and a height of at least 64.0 mm (2.5 in.). Thischamber is made of materials resistant to strongly alkalinesolutions, and is so fitted that a pressure medium can beconveniently admitted into and bled from the top. Arrangementis also such that a sheet of 90-mm filter paper ca
20、n be placed inthe bottom of the chamber just above a suitable support. Thefiltration area is 4580 6 60 mm2(7.1 6 0.1 in.2). Below thesupport is a drain tube for discharging the filtrate into agraduated cylinder. Sealing is accomplished with gaskets, andthe entire assembly supported by a stand. A min
21、i-press orhalf-area press does not directly correlate with the resultsobtained when using the above described standard-sized press.Pressure can be applied with any nonhazardous fluid medium,either gas or liquid. Presses are equipped with pressureregulators and can be obtained with portable pressure
22、cylin-ders, midget pressure cartridges, or means of utilizing hydrau-lic pressure.NOTE 3Ambient temperature/low-pressure filter press conforming toAPI RP 13B-1, Section 3.2, or equivalent, may be obtained from thesuppliers given in Footnote 9.5.13 Filter Paper, 90-mm, very dense, hardened withsmooth
23、 lint-free surface,10must be used. These papers havehigh wet strength permitting application of high pressureduring filtration. They also have good resistance to alkalies andacids.6. Reagents6.1 Purity of ReagentsUnless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean reagent wa
24、terconforming to Specification D 1193, Type I, II, or III. Suchwater is best prepared by distillation or the passage of tap waterthrough an ion-exchange resin.6.2 Specification D 1193 for reagent water, Type I, II, or III.7. Hazards7.1 Safety PrecautionsEstablish appropriate safety andhealth practic
25、es for high-pressure equipment prior to use.8. Sampling and Selection8.1 Conduct the sampling in accordance with Test MethodE 725.9. Procedure9.1 Grind the clay mineral sample to greater than 100 %passing a 100 mesh U.S. Standard Sieve, and a minimum of65 % passing a 200-mesh U.S. Standard Sieve wit
26、h a mortarand pestle or laboratory hammer mill as required.9.2 Weigh 22.50 6 0.01 g of the whole composite of finelyground clay mineral with “as received” moisture, typically 5 to10 %, onto a weighing paper. If bentonite is removed from aGCL product, the bentonite would be dried to less than 10 %moi
27、sture prior to weighing.9.3 Measure 350 6 5 mL of reagent water with the 500- mLgraduated cylinder and added to the mixing cup. Place the cupon the mixer, and add the clay mineral slowly over approxi-mately 30 s.9.4 After stirring for 5 6 0.5 min, remove the containerfrom mixer, and scrape its sides
28、 with the spatula to dislodgeany clay clinging to the container wall. Ensure that all of thedislodged clay mineral clinging to the spatula is incorporatedinto the suspension.9.5 Replace the container on the mixer, and continue to stirfor a cumulative total stirring time of 20 6 0.1 min. Thecontainer
29、 may need to be removed from the mixer and the sidesscraped to dislodge any clay clinging to container walls afteranother 5 or 10 min of stirring.9.6 Age the clay mineral suspension for a minimum of 16 hin a sealed or covered container at ambient temperature.Record the initial temperature, final tem
30、perature, and actualhydration aging time.9.7 After aging the clay mineral suspension, shake vigor-ously to break its gel strength, and then pour the suspensioninto the mixer container. Stir the suspension on the mixer for 56 0.5 min to completely disperse the clay mineral slurry.9.8 Assemble the dry
31、 filter cell with filter paper and gaskets,and immediately after remixing the clay mineral slurry, pour itinto the filter cell and complete assembly of the filter cell. Placethe filter cell in the filter frame and close the relief valve. Placea 10 mL graduated cylinder under the filter cell drain tu
32、be.9.9 Set one timer for 7.5 6 0.1 min and the second timer for30 6 0.1 min. Start both timers and adjust pressure on the fluidloss cell to 100 6 2 psi. Starting the timers and adding 100 psipressure should be completed in less than 15 s. Supply pressureby compressed air, nitrogen, helium, or carbon
33、 dioxide.9.10 At 7.5 6 0.1 min on the first timer, remove thegraduated cylinder and any adhering liquid on the drain tube,and discard. Immediately place a clean dry 10-mL graduatedcylinder under the drain tube, and collect the fluid for 22.5 60.1 min to the end of the second timer. This corrects the
34、 fluidloss value for any initial unpredictable spurt loss from the fluidloss cell. Remove the graduated cylinder after the second time9For example, Hamilton Beach Mixer Cup No. M110-D, or equivalent, has beenfound suitable for this purpose. Mixing containers supplied by Fann Instrument Co.,P.O. Box
35、4350, Houston, TX 77210.10For example, Whatman No. 50,S or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 1 Test ResultsStatistic ILS RangeWithin laboratory repeatability limit, CV %r1.8 to 4.7 %Between laboratory reproducibility limit, CV %R6to18%95 % confidence limitWithin laboratory repeatability, 2.8 CV %r5to13%95 % confidence limitBetween laboratory reproducibility, 2.8 CV %R11.8 to 51 %D5891023
