1、Designation: D 6000 96 (Reapproved 2002)Standard Guide forPresentation of Water-Level Information From Ground-WaterSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a series of options, but does notspecify a course of action. It should not be used as the
3、 solecriterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieveprofessional judgment.1.2 This guide summarizes methods for the presentation ofwater-level data from ground-water sites.NOTE 1As used in this guide, a site is meant to be a single point, nota geographic area or property, located b
4、y an X, Y, and Z coordinateposition with respect to land surface or a fixed datum. A ground-water siteis defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable ofproducing water or hydrologic data from a natural stratum from below thesurface of the earth. A source or facility can include a wel
5、l, spring or seep,and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, suchas excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes,which can be shown to be hydraulically connected to the ground water, areappropriate for the use intended.1.3 The study of the water ta
6、ble in aquifers helps in theinterpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal,aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and theeffects of natural and human-induced forces on the aquifers.1.4 A single water level measured at a ground-water sitegives the height of water at on
7、e vertical position in a well orborehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that canbe used for preliminary planning in the construction of a wellor other facilities, such as disposal pits.NOTE 2Hydraulic head measured within a short time from a series ofsites at a common (single) hori
8、zontal location, for example, a speciallyconstructed multi-level test well, indicate whether the vertical hydraulicgradient may be upward or downward within or between the aquifer (see7.2.1).NOTE 3The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time”are used throughout this guide to describe
9、the interval for measuringseveral project-related ground-water levels. Often the water levels ofground-water sites in an area of study do not change significantly in ashort time, for example, a day or even a week. Unless continuousrecorders are used to document water levels at every ground-water sit
10、e ofthe project, the measurement at each site, for example, use of a steel tape,will be at a slightly different time (unless a large staff is available for acoordinated measurement). The judgment of what is a critical time periodmust be made by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrolo
11、gyof the area.1.5 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period oftime, for example, a day, from each of several horizontallocations within a specified depth range, or hydrogeologic unit,or identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn forthat depth range, or unit, or aquifer. Wat
12、er levels from differentvertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged toa single value for the potentiometric surface when the verticalgradients are small compared to the horizontal gradients.NOTE 4The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradientand horizontal directi
13、on of movement of water through the aquifer.Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of waterfrom production areas and mounds caused by natural or artificial rechargeare illustrated by these potentiometric maps.1.6 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined orunconfined aqu
14、ifers, fluctuate over time in response to natural-and human-induced forces.NOTE 5The fluctuation of the water table at a ground-water site iscaused by several phenomena. An example is recharge to the aquifer fromprecipitation. Changes in barometric pressure cause the water table tofluctuate because
15、of the variation of air pressure on the ground-watersurface, open bore hole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal of water fromor artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluctuatein response. Events such as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies(nearby streams and l
16、akes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophyticconsumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions causefluctuation. Heavy physical objects that compress the surrounding sedi-ments, for example, a passing train or car or even the sudden load effectof the starting of a nearby pump, c
17、an cause a fluctuation of the water table(1).21.7 This guide covers several techniques developed to assistin interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables andgraphs are included.1.8 This guide includes methods to represent the water tableat a single ground-water site for a finite or short per
18、iod of time,a single site over an extended period, multiple sites for a finiteor short period in time, and multiple sites over an extendedperiod.NOTE 6This guide does not include methods of calculating orestimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the1This guide is under the
19、jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved August 10, 1996. Published December 1996.2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end oft
20、his guide.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.aquifer characteristics from data collected during controlled aquifer tests.These methods are discussed in Guides D 4043, D 5447, and D 5490, TestMethods D 4044, D 4050, D 410
21、4, D 4105, D 4106, D 4630, D 4631,D 5269, D 5270, D 5472, and D 5473.1.9 Many of the diagrams illustrated in this guide includenotations to help the reader in understanding how thesediagrams were constructed. These notations would not berequired on a diagram designed for inclusion in a projectdocume
22、nt.NOTE 7Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsement by ASTM.1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace education ore
23、xperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged, nor should
24、 thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and C
25、ontainedFluids3D 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method inDetermining of Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques3D 4044 Test Method (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of Aquifers Systems3D 4050 Test Method (Field Procedure) for
26、 Withdrawal andInjection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Propertiesof Aquifer Systems3D 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)3D 4105 Test Method (Analytical Pro
27、cedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Modified Theis NonequilibriumMethod3D 4106 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of NonleakyConfined Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method3D
28、4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low Permeability Rocks by in SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection Test3D 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by in Situ Mea-surements Using the Pressure Pulse
29、Technique3D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)3D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells in Aquifers3D 5254 Practice for the Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water Site3D 5269 T
30、est Method for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis RecoveryMethod3D 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aqui-fers3D 5408 Guide for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part 1Additio
31、nal Identification De-scriptors3D 5409 Guide for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part 2Physical Descriptors3D 5410 Guide for the Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part 3Usage Descriptors3D 5447 Guide for Application of a Ground-Water FlowModel to a SiteSpe
32、cific Problem3D 5472 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity andEstimating Transmissivity at the Control Well3D 5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for) Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a
33、Nonleaky Confined Aquifer3D 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water Investigations3D 5490 Guide for Comparing Ground-Water Flow ModelSimulations to Site-Specific Information3D 5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions inGround-Water Flow Modeling33. Terminology3.1 All definition
34、s appear in Terminology D 653.3.2 aquifer, na geologic formation, group of formations,or part of a formation that is saturated and is capable ofproviding a significant quantity of water. D 653 , D 50923.3 aquitard, na confining bed that retards but does notprevent the flow of water to or from an adj
35、acent aquifer; aleaky confining bed. D 6533.4 confined or artesian aquifer, nan aquifer boundedabove and below by confining beds and in which the static headis above the top of the aquifer. D 4050, D4104, D 4105,D 4106, D 5269, D 56093.5 hydrograph, nfor ground water, a graph showing thewater level
36、or head with respect to time (2).3.6 unconfined or water-table aquifer, nan aquifer thathas a water table (3). D 4050, D 4105, D 4106, D 56093.7 water level, nfor ground water, the level of the watertable surrounding a borehole or well. The ground-water levelcan be represented as an elevation or as
37、a depth below theground surface. D 47503.8 water table (ground-water table), nthe surface of aground-water body at which the water pressure equals atmo-spheric pressure. Earth material below the ground-water tableis saturated with water. D 653, D 47504. Summary of Guide4.1 The Significance and Use s
38、ection presents the relevance3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.D 6000 96 (2002)2of the tables and diagrams of the water table and relatedparameters.4.2 A description is given of the selection process for datapresentation along with a discussion on water level datapreparation.4.3 Tabular meth
39、ods of presenting water-levels:4.3.1 Tables with single water levels, and4.3.2 Tables with multiple water levels (4).4.4 Graphical methods for presenting water levels:4.4.1 Vertical gradient at a single site,4.4.2 Hydrographs,4.4.3 Temporal trends in hydraulic head,4.4.4 Potentiometric maps,4.4.5 Ch
40、ange maps,4.4.6 Water-table cross sections, and4.4.7 Statistical comparisons of water levels.4.5 Sources for automated procedures (computer-aidedgraphics) for basic calculations and the construction of thewater-level tables and diagrams are identified.4.6 Keywords.4.7 A list of references is given f
41、or additional information.5. Significance and Use5.1 Determining the potentiometric surface of an area isessential for the preliminary planning of any type of construc-tion, land use, environmental investigations, or remediationprojects that may influence an aquifer.5.1.1 The potentiometric surface
42、in the proposed impactedaquifer must be known to properly plan for the construction ofa water withdrawal or recharge facility, for example, a well.The method of construction of structures, such as buildings,can be controlled by the depth of the ground water near theproject. Other projects built belo
43、w land surface, such as minesand tunnels, are influenced by the hydraulic head.5.2 Monitoring the trend of the ground-water table in anaquifer over a period of time, whether for days or decades, isessential for any permanently constructed facility that directlyinfluences the aquifer, for example, a
44、waste disposal site or aproduction well.5.2.1 Long-term monitoring helps interpret the directionand rate of movement of water and other fluids from rechargewells and pits or waste disposal sites. Monitoring also assists indetermining the effects of withdrawals on the stored quantity ofwater in the a
45、quifer, the trend of the water table throughout theaquifer, and the amount of natural recharge to the aquifer.5.3 This guide describes the basic tabular and graphicmethods of presenting ground-water levels for a single ground-water site and several sites over the area of a project. Thesemethods were
46、 developed by hydrologists to assist in theinterpretation of hydraulic-head data.5.3.1 The tabular methods help in the comparison of rawdata and modified numbers.5.3.2 The graphical methods visually display seasonaltrends controlled by precipitation, trends related to artificialwithdrawals from or r
47、echarge to the aquifer, interrelationshipof withdrawal and recharge sites, rate and direction of watermovement in the aquifer, and other events influencing theaquifer.5.4 Presentation techniques resulting from extensive com-putational methods, specifically the mathematical models andthe determinatio
48、n of aquifer characteristics, are contained inthe ASTM standards listed in Section 2.6. Selection and Preparation of Water-Level Data6.1 Water levels should be subject to rigorous quality-control standards. Correct procedures must be followed andproperly recorded in the field and the office in order
49、 for thewater table to represent that in the aquifer.6.1.1 Field-quality controls include the use of an accurateand calibrated measuring device, a clearly marked and un-changing measuring point, an accurate determination of thealtitude of the measuring point for relating this site to othersites or facilities in the project area, notation of climaticconditions at the time of measurement, a system of validatingthe water-level measurement, and a straight-forward recordkeeping form or digital device.6.1.2 Digital recording devices must be checked regularly toensure that a
