1、Designation: D 6000 96 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Guide forPresentation of Water-Level Information from Ground-WaterSites1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6000; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers and summarizes methods for thepresentation of water-level data from ground-water sites.NOT
3、E 1As used in this guide, a site is meant to be a single point, nota geographic area or property, located by an X, Y, and Z coordinateposition with respect to land surface or a fixed datum.Aground-water siteis defined as any source, location, or sampling station capable ofproducing water or hydrolog
4、ic data from a natural stratum from below thesurface of the earth.Asource or facility can include a well, spring or seep,and drain or tunnel (nearly horizontal in orientation). Other sources, suchas excavations, driven devices, bore holes, ponds, lakes, and sinkholes,which can be shown to be hydraul
5、ically connected to the ground water, areappropriate for the use intended.1.2 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in theinterpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal,aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and theeffects of natural and human-induced forces
6、on the aquifers.1.3 A single water level measured at a ground-water sitegives the height of water at one vertical position in a well orborehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that canbe used for preliminary planning in the construction of a wellor other facilities, such as disposal
7、 pits.NOTE 2Hydraulic head measured within a short time from a series ofsites at a common (single) horizontal location, for example, a speciallyconstructed multi-level test well, indicate whether the vertical hydraulicgradient may be upward or downward within or between the aquifer (see7.2.1).NOTE 3
8、The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time”are used throughout this guide to describe the interval for measuringseveral project-related ground-water levels. Often the water levels ofground-water sites in an area of study do not change significantly in ashort time, for example, a day
9、 or even a week. Unless continuousrecorders are used to document water levels at every ground-water site ofthe project, the measurement at each site, for example, use of a steel tape,will be at a slightly different time (unless a large staff is available for acoordinated measurement). The judgment o
10、f what is a critical time periodmust be made by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrologyof the area.1.4 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period oftime, for example, a day, from each of several horizontallocations within a specified depth range, or hydrogeologic unit,or
11、identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn forthat depth range, or unit, or aquifer. Water levels from differentvertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged toa single value for the potentiometric surface when the verticalgradients are small compared to the horizonta
12、l gradients.NOTE 4The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradientand horizontal direction of movement of water through the aquifer.Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of waterfrom production areas and mounds caused by natural or artificial rechargeare illustra
13、ted by these potentiometric maps.1.5 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined orunconfined aquifers, fluctuate over time in response to natural-and human-induced forces.NOTE 5The fluctuation of the water table at a ground-water site iscaused by several phenomena.An example is recharge to th
14、e aquifer fromprecipitation. Changes in barometric pressure cause the water table tofluctuate because of the variation of air pressure on the ground-watersurface, open bore hole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal of water fromor artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluc
15、tuatein response. Events such as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies(nearby streams and lakes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophyticconsumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions causefluctuation. Heavy physical objects that compress the surrounding sedi-ments,
16、 for example, a passing train or car or even the sudden load effectof the starting of a nearby pump, can cause a fluctuation of the water table(1).21.6 This guide covers several techniques developed to assistin interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables andgraphs are included.1.7 This guid
17、e includes methods to represent the water tableat a single ground-water site for a finite or short period of time,a single site over an extended period, multiple sites for a finiteor short period in time, and multiple sites over an extendedperiod.NOTE 6This guide does not include methods of calculat
18、ing orestimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Publi
19、shed November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D 6000 96 (2002).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959
20、, United States.aquifer characteristics from data collected during controlled aquifer tests.These methods are discussed in Guides D 4043, D 5447, and D 5490, TestMethods D 4044, D 4050, D 4104, D 4105, D 4106, D 4630, D 4631,D 5269, D 5270, D 5472, and D 5473.1.8 Many of the diagrams illustrated in
21、this guide includenotations to help the reader in understanding how thesediagrams were constructed. These notations would not berequired on a diagram designed for inclusion in a projectdocument.NOTE 7Use of trade names in this guide is for identification purposesonly and does not constitute endorsem
22、ent by ASTM.1.9 This guide covers a series of options, but does notspecify a course of action. It should not be used as the solecriterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieveprofessional judgment.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be re-garded as standard. The value
23、s given in parentheses aremathematical conversions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.11 This guide offers an organized collection of informa-tion or a series of options and does not recommend a specificcourse of action. This document cannot replace e
24、ducation orexperience and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa given professional service must be judged
25、, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil
26、, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method inDetermining Hydraulic Properties by Well TechniquesD 4044 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for InstantaneousChange in Head (Slug) Tests for Determining HydraulicProperties of AquifersD 4050 Test Method for (Field Procedu
27、re) for Withdrawaland Injection Well Tests for Determining Hydraulic Prop-erties of Aquifer SystemsD 4104 Test Method (Analytical Procedure) for Determin-ing Transmissivity of Nonleaky Confined Aquifers byOverdamped Well Response to Instantaneous Change inHead (Slug Tests)D 4105 Test Method for (Ana
28、lytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequi-librium MethodD 4106 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Deter-mining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Non-leaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis None
29、quilibriumMethodD 4630 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Low-Permeability Rocks by In SituMeasurements Using the Constant Head Injection TestD 4631 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorativity of Low Permeability Rocks by In Situ Mea-surements Using Pr
30、essure Pulse TechniqueD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring WellsD 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements toIdentify a Ground-Water SiteD 5269 Test Met
31、hod for Determining Transmissivity ofNonleaky Confined Aquifers by the Theis RecoveryMethodD 5270 Test Method for Determining Transmissivity andStorage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, ConfinedAqui-fersD 5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part OneAdditional Identifi
32、cationDescriptorsD 5409 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD 5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe aGround-Water Site;Part ThreeUsage DescriptorsD 5447 Guide for Application of a Ground-Water FlowModel to a Site-Specific ProblemD 5472
33、 Test Method for Determining Specific Capacity andEstimating Transmissivity at the Control WellD 5473 Test Method for (Analytical Procedure for)Analyz-ing the Effects of Partial Penetration of Control Well andDetermining the Horizontal and Vertical Hydraulic Con-ductivity in a Nonleaky Confined Aqui
34、ferD 5474 Guide for Selection of Data Elements for Ground-Water InvestigationsD 5490 Guide for Comparing Ground-Water Flow ModelSimulations to Site-Specific InformationD 5609 Guide for Defining Boundary Conditions inGround-Water Flow Modeling3. Terminology3.1 All definitions appear in Terminology D
35、653.3.2 aquifer, na geologic formation, group of formations,or part of a formation that is saturated and is capable ofproviding a significant quantity of water. D 653, D 50923.3 aquitard, na confining bed that retards but does notprevent the flow of water to or from an adjacent aquifer; aleaky confi
36、ning bed. D 6533.4 confined or artesian aquifer, nan aquifer boundedabove and below by confining beds and in which the static headis above the top of the aquifer. D 4050, D 4104, D 4105,D 4106, D 5269, D 56093.5 hydrograph, nfor ground water, a graph showing thewater level or head with respect to ti
37、me (2).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.D 6000 96 (2008)23.6 unconfined or water-table aquifer
38、, nan aquifer thathas a water table (3). D 4050, D 4105, D 4106, D 56093.7 water level, nfor ground water, the level of the watertable surrounding a borehole or well. The ground-water levelcan be represented as an elevation or as a depth below theground surface. D 47503.8 water table (ground-water t
39、able), nthe surface of aground-water body at which the water pressure equals atmo-spheric pressure. Earth material below the ground-water tableis saturated with water. D 653, D 47504. Summary of Guide4.1 The Significance and Use section presents the relevanceof the tables and diagrams of the water t
40、able and relatedparameters.4.2 A description is given of the selection process for datapresentation along with a discussion on water level datapreparation.4.3 Tabular methods of presenting water-levels:4.3.1 Tables with single water levels, and4.3.2 Tables with multiple water levels (4).4.4 Graphica
41、l methods for presenting water levels:4.4.1 Vertical gradient at a single site,4.4.2 Hydrographs,4.4.3 Temporal trends in hydraulic head,4.4.4 Potentiometric maps,4.4.5 Change maps,4.4.6 Water-table cross sections, and4.4.7 Statistical comparisons of water levels.4.5 Sources for automated procedures
42、 (computer-aidedgraphics) for basic calculations and the construction of thewater-level tables and diagrams are identified.4.6 Keywords.4.7 A list of references is given for additional information.5. Significance and Use5.1 Determining the potentiometric surface of an area isessential for the prelim
43、inary planning of any type of construc-tion, land use, environmental investigations, or remediationprojects that may influence an aquifer.5.1.1 The potentiometric surface in the proposed impactedaquifer must be known to properly plan for the construction ofa water withdrawal or recharge facility, fo
44、r example, a well.The method of construction of structures, such as buildings,can be controlled by the depth of the ground water near theproject. Other projects built below land surface, such as minesand tunnels, are influenced by the hydraulic head.5.2 Monitoring the trend of the ground-water table
45、 in anaquifer over a period of time, whether for days or decades, isessential for any permanently constructed facility that directlyinfluences the aquifer, for example, a waste disposal site or aproduction well.5.2.1 Long-term monitoring helps interpret the directionand rate of movement of water and
46、 other fluids from rechargewells and pits or waste disposal sites. Monitoring also assists indetermining the effects of withdrawals on the stored quantity ofwater in the aquifer, the trend of the water table throughout theaquifer, and the amount of natural recharge to the aquifer.5.3 This guide desc
47、ribes the basic tabular and graphicmethods of presenting ground-water levels for a single ground-water site and several sites over the area of a project. Thesemethods were developed by hydrologists to assist in theinterpretation of hydraulic-head data.5.3.1 The tabular methods help in the comparison
48、 of rawdata and modified numbers.5.3.2 The graphical methods visually display seasonaltrends controlled by precipitation, trends related to artificialwithdrawals from or recharge to the aquifer, interrelationshipof withdrawal and recharge sites, rate and direction of watermovement in the aquifer, an
49、d other events influencing theaquifer.5.4 Presentation techniques resulting from extensive com-putational methods, specifically the mathematical models andthe determination of aquifer characteristics, are contained inthe ASTM standards listed in Section 2.6. Selection and Preparation of Water-Level Data6.1 Water levels should be subject to rigorous quality-control standards. Correct procedures must be followed andproperly recorded in the field and the office in order for thewater table to represent that in the aquifer.6.1.1 Field-quality controls include the use of
