1、Designation: D 6006 97a (Reapproved 2008)An American National StandardStandard Guide forAssessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic Fluids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6006; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers and provides information to assist inplanning a laboratory test or series of
3、 tests from which may beinferred information about the biodegradability of an unusedfully formulated hydraulic fluid in its original form. Biode-gradability is one of three characteristics which are assessedwhen judging the environmental impact of a hydraulic fluid.The other two characteristics are
4、ecotoxicity and bioaccumu-lation.1.2 Biodegradability may be considered by type of environ-mental compartment: aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine,aerobic soil, and anaerobic media. Test methods for aerobicfresh water, aerobic soil and anaerobic media have beendeveloped that are appropriate for the
5、concerns and needs oftesting in each compartment.1.3 This guide addresses releases to the environment thatare incidental to the use of a hydraulic fluid but is not intendedto cover situations of major, accidental release. The testsdiscussed in this guide take a minimum of three to four weeks.Therefo
6、re, issues relating to the biodegradability of hydraulicfluid are more effectively addressed before the fluid is used,and thus before incidental release may occur. Nothing in thisguide should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibilityto properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.4 The va
7、lues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate s
8、afety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5210 Test Method for Determining the Anaerobic Bio-degradation of Plastic Materials in the Presence of Mu-nicipal Sewage SludgeD 5291 Test Methods for Instr
9、umental Determination ofCarbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Productsand LubricantsD 5480 Test Method for Engine Oil Volatility by GasChromatography3D 5864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Bio-degradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsE 1196 Test Method for Determining theAnaero
10、bic Biodeg-radation Potential of Organic Chemicals32.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum I, Water Quali-tyEvaluation in an Aqueous Medium of the UltimateBiodegradability of Organic Compounds4ISO 4259:1992(E) Petroleum ProductsDetermination andApplication of Precision Data in Relation
11、 to Methods ofTest42.3 OECD Standards:OECD 301B (the Modified Sturm Test) Guidelines forTesting Chemicals5OECD 301F (the Manometric Respirometry Test) Guide-lines for Testing of Chemicals53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 aerobic, adj1. taking place in the presence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in
12、 the presence of oxygen.3.1.2 anaerobic, adj1. taking place in the absence ofoxygen; 2. living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.3 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical break-down or transformation of a substance caused by organisms ortheir enzymes.3.1.3.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only on
13、e mechanismby which materials are transformed in the environment.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.12 onEnvironmental Standards for Lubricants.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2008. Pu
14、blished December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 600697a(2003).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the sta
15、ndards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5Available from Organisation for Economic Co-Opera
16、tion and Development(OECD), 2, rue Andr Pascal, F-75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 biomass, nany material, excluding fossil fuels,which is or was a living organism or component of a l
17、ivingorganism.3.1.5 blank, nin biodegradability testing, a test systemcontaining all system components with the exception of the testsubstance.3.1.6 environmental compartment, na subdivision of theenvironment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.3.1.6.1 DiscussionExamples of environment
18、al compart-ments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, and aerobic soil.The results of test procedures may be applied to environmentalcompartments but the test systems do not constitute an envi-ronmental compartment.3.1.7 inoculum, nspores, bacteria, single celled organ-isms, or other live materi
19、als that are introduced into a testmedium.3.1.8 preadaptation, nthe incubation of an inoculum inthe presence of the test substance which is done prior to theinitiation of the test and under conditions similar to the testconditions.3.1.8.1 DiscussionThe aim of preadaptation is to improvethe precision
20、 of the test method by decreasing variability in therate of biodegradation produced by the inoculum. Preadapta-tion may mimic the natural processes which cause changes inthe microbial population of the inoculum leading to more rapidbiodegradation of the test substance, but it is not expected tochang
21、e the final degree of biodegradation.3.1.9 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the testsubstance resulting in a change in its physical or chemicalproperties, or both.3.1.10 primary biodegradation test, na test which followsthe disappearance of a test substance by measuring someattribute of the s
22、ubstance.3.1.10.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of aprimary biodegradation test correspond to the biological con-version of the test substance will depend on the attribute whichis being measured.3.1.11 sonication, nthe act of subjecting a material to theshearing forces of high-frequency
23、sound waves.3.1.11.1 DiscussionSonication of a two phase liquid sys-tem may result in the dispersal of one phase as fine droplets inthe other phase.3.1.12 ultimate biodegradation, ndegradation achievedwhen a substance is totally utilized by microorganisms result-ing in the production of carbon dioxi
24、de (and possibly methanein the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganiccompounds, and new microbial cellular constituents (biomassor secretions, or both).3.1.13 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which esti-mates the extent to which the carbon in a product is convertedto CO2or methane,
25、 either directly, by measuring the produc-tion of CO2or methane, or, in the case of aerobic biodegrada-tion, indirectly by measuring the consumption of O2.3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe measurement of new biomassusually is not attempted.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide gives two kinds of information which
26、relateto testing of hydraulic fluids for biodegradability. First, it givesinformation of a general nature relating to biodegradability. Forexample, it includes definitions of terms not traditionally usedby users or producers of hydraulic fluids (Section 3) and a briefdiscussion of some of the techni
27、cal issues which are commonto most biodegradability tests when they are applied tohydraulic fluids (Section 7). Second, the guide gives morespecific information on the methods, advantages, and disad-vantages of several of the biodegradation tests frequently usedfor hydraulic fluids (Section 6).5. Si
28、gnificance and Use5.1 This guide discusses ways to assess the likelihood that ahydraulic fluid will undergo biodegradation if it enters anenvironment that is known to support biodegradation of somesubstances, for example the material used as the positivecontrol in the test. The information can be us
29、ed in making orassessing claims of biodegradability of a fluid formula.5.2 Biodegradation occurs when a fluid interacts with theenvironment, and so the extent of biodegradation is a functionof both the chemical composition of the hydraulic fluid and thephysical, chemical, and biological status of th
30、e environment atthe time the fluid enters it. This guide cannot assist in judgingthe status of a particular environment, so it is not meant toprovide standards for judging the persistence of a hydraulicfluid in any specific environment either natural or man-made.5.3 If any of the tests discussed in
31、this guide gives a highresult, it implies that the hydraulic fluid will biodegrade andwill not persist in the environmental compartment beingconsidered. If a low result is obtained, it does not meannecessarily that the substance will not biodegrade in theenvironment, but does mean that further testi
32、ng is required if aclaim of biodegradability is to be made. Such testing mayinclude, but is not limited to, other tests mentioned in this guideor simulation tests for a particular environmental compartment.6. Test Methods6.1 Aerobic Fresh Water EnvironmentThe most com-monly performed tests cover aer
33、obic biodegradation in freshwater. The tests conducted for this compartment may beultimate biodegradation tests measuring CO2production orprimary biodegradation tests measuring the disappearance ofthe test fluid. The test medium is based on high-grade,carbon-free water. Some salts will be included a
34、s necessary formaintenance of solution pH and provision of trace mineralsnecessary for microbial life.6.1.1 The majority of ultimate biodegradation tests measureproduced CO2. Examples of test procedures for ultimatebiodegradability in an aerobic aquatic environment are: theModified Sturm Test (OECD
35、301B); the ManometricRespirometry Test (OECD 301F); the U.S. EPA AerobicAquatic Biodegradation Test, which also is called the EPAShake Flask Test and was derived from the Gledhill Test (1);6Test Method D 5864; and the ISO Test 9439:1990. With theexception of Test Method D 5864, these tests were orig
36、inallydesigned for water-soluble pure compounds and so the test6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.D 6006 97a (2008)2procedures allow some procedural options that are not suitablefor water-insoluble substances, such as addition of the tests
37、ubstance in an aqueous solution or calculation, rather thanmeasurement, of carbon content. In other tests, such as theManometric Respirometry Test, oxygen consumption is mea-sured as a surrogate for CO2production. Oxygen consumptionis not a direct measure of ultimate biodegradation but isexpected to
38、 correlate closely with it. The procedures listed arescreening tests suitable for laboratory evaluation of the hydrau-lic fluid.Although all the tests referred to above specify that thelength of the test is 28 days, a high level of biodegradation inlonger time frames can be taken as evidence that th
39、e hydraulicfluid is ultimately biodegradable and nonpersistent in freshwater.6.1.1.1 If the biodegradability of a hydraulic fluid with anonnegligible vapor pressure is measured in any one of thesetests, except the OECD 301F, a false negative may result. Thehydraulic fluid could vaporize from the tes
40、t solution beforeconversion to CO2. In this case a biodegradable fluid wouldhave a low measured percent theoretical CO2. If the aerobicaquatic biodegradability of a volatile hydraulic fluid is to bemeasured, the OECD 301F test should be used.6.1.2 Tests for primary biodegradation must be designed fo
41、rspecific classes of test substances. The results of a primarybiodegradation test should not be considered equivalent to orsubstitutable for the results of an ultimate biodegradation test.6.1.2.1 The most commonly performed primary biodegra-dation test for lubricants is the CEC L-33-A-94 test, devel
42、opedby the Coordinating European Council in the early 1980s andapproved by the CEC in 1993. This test, which was called theCEC L-33-T-82 test prior to approval, measures the IRabsorption spectrum of saturated carbons found in the testmaterials. It was designed specifically for two-stroke outboardeng
43、ine lubricants; however, it is frequently used for measuringthe biodegradability of other lubricants. It is suitable formeasuring the primary biodegradation of hydraulic fluids ifthey have methylene hydrogens (-CH2-) in their chemicalstructures. CEC results for some materials have been found tocorre
44、late with the results of ultimate biodegradation tests, butfor some substances results from the CEC L-33-A-94 testover-predict ultimate biodegradability results (2, 3, 4, 5). Thetest is not suitable for either volatile or water soluble testmaterials.6.2 Aerobic Marine EnvironmentTests for oil biodeg
45、rada-tion in a marine environment are cited in the literature andOECD has published a standardized method, OECD 306 (6).At the present time the standardized method has not beenwidely used, and there are significant uncertainties regardingthe test methods cited in literature. Each case must be exam-i
46、ned individually.6.2.1 The OECD 306 test method has two options for thetest procedure: the Shake Flask Method (which is not the sameas the U.S. EPA Shake Flask Test) and the Closed BottleMethod. The Shake Flask Method measures dissolved organiccarbon (DOC) and is not suitable for substances with low
47、 watersolubility (less the 2 mg/L). If poorly soluble substances aretested with this test method, unchanged and undissolvedcarbon will be removed from the test system during a filtrationstep and the test substance will appear to have biodegradedwhen it has not. The Closed Bottle Method measures oxyg
48、encontent of the test system and OECD states in the method thatit is not recommended for substances with low water solubility.6.3 Aerobic Soil EnvironmentTest procedures in aerobicsoils are not as well developed as test procedures for aerobicaqueous environments (7). It is not possible to sterilize
49、soilwithout drastically changing its physical properties, so a sterilestarting soil similar in function to high-grade, carbon-freewater, is not possible. The inoculum for these test proceduresis typically the microbial community that naturally resides inthe soil sample used for the test. No further augmentationgenerally is required. The sources of the soil samples should bereported with test results. A low result in any soil test may notmean that the hydraulic fluid will persist in an aerobic soilenvironment, but does mean that more testing is required.6.3.1
