1、Designation: D 6007 02 (Reapproved 2008)Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air fromWood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tions in air from w
3、ood products under defined test conditions oftemperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from thissmall-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparableto results obtained testing larger product samples by the largechamber test method for wood products, Test Method E 1333.The results
4、may be correlated to values obtained from TestMethod E 1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air samplefrom the small chamber is determined by a modification ofNIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. Other analyti-cal procedures may be used to determine the quantity offormaldehyde in the air
5、 sample provided that such methodsgive results comparable to those obtained by using the chro-motropic acid procedure. However, the test results and testreport must be properly qualified and the analytical procedureemployed must be accurately described.1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested
6、by this testmethod are characteristically used for different applicationsand are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios toreflect different applications.This is a test method that specifiestesting at various loading ratios for different product types.However, the test results and tes
7、t report must be properlyqualified and must specify the make-up air flow, samplesurface area, and chamber volume.1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing areproducts relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde releasecharacteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be consid-ered wh
8、en selecting and preparing samples for small-scalechamber testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard values.Any values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresp
9、onsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehy
10、deand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D 5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-aldehyde in Air3E 77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE 220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples ByComparison TechniquesE 337 Test Method for Meas
11、uring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE 741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by Means of a Tracer Gas DilutionE 1333 Test Method fo
12、r Determining Formaldehyde Con-centrations inAir and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUsing a Large Chamber2.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentStandard:4HUD 24 CFR 3280, Manufactured Home Construction andSafety Standards2.3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthStandar
13、d:NIOSH 3500 Formaldehyde Method52.4 Other Documents:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last pre
14、vious edition approved in 2008 as D 6007 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The l
15、ast approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov; request Federal Register, Vol 49, No. 155, Aug. 8, 19845Av
16、ailable from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov; request U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1989.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
17、 PA 19428-2959, United States.Minnesota Statutes Sections 144.495, 325f.18, and325F.181Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials63. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change rate, N (N is equal to Q/V)the ratio ofconditioned and filtered air that enters or is repl
18、aced in thesmall chamber in one hour divided by the interior volume ofthe small chamber, air changes per hour (ACH).3.1.2 equilibrium concentration, Ceqis that Csmeasuredwhen Q equals zero, ppm.3.1.3 loading ratio, L(L is equal to A/V) the total exposedsurface area, excluding panel edges, of the pro
19、duct being testeddivided by the test chambers interior volume, m2/m3.3.1.4 make-up air flow, Qthe quantity of conditioned andfiltered air fed into the chamber per unit time, m3/h.3.1.5 mass transfer coeffcient, Ka measure of the perme-ability of the emitting surface of a wood based panel product,m/h
20、. Kis calculated as follows:7K 5Q/A!Cs!Ceq2 Cs!(1)3.1.6 N/L ratio(N/L is equivalent to Q/A) the ratio of airflow through the chamber to sample surface area, m/h, asfollows:N/L 5Q/VA/V5 Q/V! 3 V/A! 5 Q/A (2)3.1.7 Q/A ratiothe ratio of air flow through the chamber(Q) to sample surface area ( A), m/h.3
21、.1.8 sample surface area, Athe total area of all samplefaces exposed in the chamber, m2.3.1.9 steady state concentration, Csthe interval when theformaldehyde concentration is not changing with time (ex-pressed in parts of formaldehyde per million parts air (ppm)under the defined environmental test p
22、arameters.3.1.10 volume of closed system, Vthe interior volume ofthe test chamber, m3.4. Significance and Use4.1 Limitations on formaldehyde levels have been estab-lished for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes orused as components in
23、 kitchen cabinets and similar industrialproducts. This test method is intended for use in conjunctionwith the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufacturedhousing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units andbuilding materials. This test method provides a means oftesting smaller samples and re
24、duces the time required fortesting.4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by thissmall-scale method may differ from expected in full-scaleindoor environments. Variations in product loading, tempera-ture, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formalde-hyde emission rates and thus li
25、kely indoor air formaldehydeconcentrations.4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02to1m3in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentrationin air using the following controlled conditions:4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens
26、in the testchamber,4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.5. Interferences5.1 The NIOSH 3500 analytical method lists phenols as anegative interference when present at an 8+1 excess overformaldehyde. Modifications in the a
27、nalytical procedure shallbe made when relatively high phenol to formaldehyde concen-trations (8+1) are anticipated.8,96. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberThe interior volume of the small cham-ber shall be from 0.02 to 1 m3. The interior of the test chambershall be free of refrigeration coils that condense w
28、ater anditems such as humidifiers with water reservoirs since water hasthe potential for collecting formaldehyde and thus influencingtest results. The interior surfaces of the small chamber,including any sample support system, shall be a nonadsorbentmaterial. Stainless steel, aluminum, and polytetra
29、fluoroethyl-ene (PTFE) have been found appropriate as chamber liningmaterials. All joints except for doors used for loading andunloading specimens should be sealed. Doors shall be self-sealing.6.2 Make-Up Air:6.2.1 The make-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and contain not more
30、than 0.02 ppm of formal-dehyde. This can be accomplished by passing make-up airthrough a filter bed of activated carbon, activated aluminaimpregnated with potassium permanganate, or other materialscapable of absorbing, or oxidizing formaldehyde.6.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through aca
31、librated air flow measuring device.6.2.3 Air CirculationLow speed mixing fans or multi-portinlet and outlet diffusers are two techniques that have beenused successfully to ensure mixing of the chamber air over allsample surfaces.6.2.4 Air Sampling PortThe exhaust flow (that is, cham-ber outlet) is n
32、ormally used as the sampling point, althoughseparate sampling ports in the chamber can be used. Thesampling system shall be constructed of a material to minimizeadsorption (for example, glass, stainless steel), and the systemshould be maintained at the same temperature as the testchambers.6Available
33、 from Print Communications, Dept. ofAdministration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.7Christensen, R. L., and Anderson, W. H., Measuring Formaldehyde Concen-trations Using a Small Scale Chamber, Proceedings 23rd InternationalParticleboard/Composite Materials Symposium, W.S.U., 1989.8Hakes, D.,
34、 Johnson, G., and Marhevka, J., Procedure for Elimination of PhenolInterference in the Chromotropic Acid Method for Formaldehyde, AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association, April 1984.9Technical Bulletin No. 415, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air andStream Improvement Inc. (NCASI), 1983.D
35、6007 02 (2008)26.3 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-ment are provided in Appendix X1.7. Hazards7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment(See 10.3.4and 10.3.5.) During this hazardous operation, the operator mustwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protectedfrom spl
36、ashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely hot during addition of sulfuricacid. If acid is not added slowly, some loss of sample couldoccur due to splattering.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for GlasswareUse appropriateprecautions if cleaning chemicals are considered
37、to be hazard-ous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Standard Face and Back ConfigurationLoading (L orA/V) is defined as the total exposed specimen surface area,excluding edge area, divided by the chamber volume. Alumi-num tape shall be used to cover the edges of the specimens ifthe edge exposure is greater than 5
38、 % of the surface area,thereby retarding formaldehyde emission from the edge. TheQ/A ratios in Table 1 are used for testing wood panel productscontaining formaldehyde. Each small chamber will have aunique value for the make-up air flow (Q) dependent on thesample surface area used, and the type of pr
39、oduct tested.8.2 Nonstandard Sample Configuration Testing Productswith Single Surface ExposedSome products have signifi-cantly different formaldehyde release characteristics for eachsurface. In those cases, panels may be tested back-to-back withedges taped together. The panels shall be identified as
40、 tested inthe back-to-back mode.8.3 Combination TestingDifferent products may be testedin combination. Qualify the test report and note the Q/A ratioused.9. Sample Material Handling and Specimen Conditioning9.1 HandlingMaterials selected for testing shall bewrapped in polyethylene plastic having a m
41、inimum thicknessof 0.15 mm (6 mil) until sample conditioning is initiated. Whentesting wood products that are not newly manufactured such asafter original application, installation or use, the method ofpackaging and shipping the products for testing shall be fullydescribed. Information on the age an
42、d history of the productshall be detailed in the test report.9.2 ConditioningCondition test specimens with a mini-mum distance of 0.15 m (6 in.) between each specimen for 2 h6 15 min at conditions of 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity. The formaldehyde concentration in the airwithin 0.3
43、m (12 in.) of where panels are conditioned shall benot more than 0.1 ppm during the conditioning period. Alter-native conditioning intervals may give better correlation, suchas seven day conditioning that parallels Test Method E 1333.10. Procedure10.1 Test Procedure for Materials:10.1.1 Purge the ch
44、amber by running empty or with the useof filters designed to reduce the formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air, or both. The formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air of the empty operating chamber shall notexceed 0.02 ppm. Clean chamber surfaces with water orsuitable solvent if formaldehyde
45、background concentrationsapproach 0.02 ppm.10.1.2 Locate the specimens in the chamber so that theconditioned air stream circulates over all panel surfaces.10.1.3 Operate the chamber at 25 6 1C (776 2F) and 506 4 % relative humidity. Record the temperature, relativehumidity, and barometric pressure d
46、uring the testing period.Conduct the chamber test at a given Q/A ratio and record thisratio in the report.10.1.4 Specimens remain in the operating chamber until asteady state formaldehyde concentration is reached. The timemay be estimated using the following equation:t 521n 12Ct/Cs!VQ 1 KA(3)where:t
47、 = time to any percent of Csless than 100 % (such as99.9999999999, and so forth),Ct= concentration at time, t,Cs= steady state formaldehyde concentration,A = product surface area, m2,V = chamber volume, m3,K = mass transfer coefficient, m/h, and1n = negative natural log.It is necessary to know the r
48、ange of K for the productinvolved. If K is unknown, a conservative estimate based onthe literature may be used.7Alternatively, back to back air testsgiving replicate values within the error of the analytical methodmay be used.10.2 Air SamplingPurge air sampling lines for 1 min. Atthe sampling statio
49、n, bubble air through a single impingercontaining 20 mL of a 1 % sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solu-tion. A filter trap may be placed between the impinger and theflowmeter. Set a calibrated flowmeter to maintain an averageairflow of 1 6 0.05 L/min for 30 min with time measuredaccurately to within 5 s. Following air sampling, analyze thecollection solution.10.3 Analysis of Air Samples:10.3.1 Pipet 4 mL of the NaHSO3solution from the im-pinger into each of three 16 by 150-mm screwcap test tubes fortriplicate analysis of each impinger sample.10.3.2 Pip
