1、Designation: D6007 14Standard Test Method forDetermining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air fromWood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentra-tions in air emitted by wood product te
3、st specimens underdefined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity.Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method areintended to be comparable to results obtained from testinglarger product samples by the large chamber test method forwood products,ASTM Test Method E1333. The
4、results may becorrelated to values obtained from ASTM Test Method E1333.The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the smallchamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500chromotropic acid test procedure. As with ASTM Test MethodE1333, other analytical procedures may be used to determi
5、nethe quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided thatsuch methods give results comparable to those obtained byusing the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the testresults and test report must be properly qualified and theanalytical procedure employed must be accurately described.1.2 The
6、wood-based panel products to be tested by this testmethod are characteristically used for different applicationsand are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios toreflect different applications. This is a test method that specifiestesting at various loading ratios for different product
7、 types.However, the test results and test report must be properlyqualified and must specify the make-up air flow, samplesurface area, and chamber volume.1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing areproducts relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde releasecharacteristics. Still, produc
8、t inhomogeneities must be consid-ered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scalechamber testing.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard values.Any values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any
9、, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3195 Practice for Rotameter CalibrationD5197 Test
10、Method for Determination of Formaldehyde andOther Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Meth-odology)D5221 Test Method for Continuous Measurement of Form-aldehyde in Air (Withdrawn 1997)3E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-mometersE220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocoup
11、les ByComparison TechniquesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a SingleZone by M
12、eans of a Tracer Gas DilutionE1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concen-trations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood ProductsUsing a Large Chamber2.2 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban DevelopmentStandard:4HUD 24 CFR 3280, Manufactured Home Construction andSafety Standards1This test met
13、hod is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Woodand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6007 02 (2008).DOI: 10.1520/D600
14、7-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard i
15、s referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov; request Federal Register, Vol 49, No. 155, Aug. 8, 1984Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
16、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.3 National Institute for Occupational Safety and HealthStandard:NIOSH 3500 Formaldehyde Method52.4 Other Documents:Minnesota Statutes Sections 144.495, 325f.18, and325F.181Formaldehyde Gases in Building Materials6California Air Resources
17、 Board (CARB) California Code ofRegulations sections 93120-93120.12, title 17, AirborneToxic Control Measure to Reduce Formaldehyde Emis-sions from Composite Wood Products3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 air change rate, (Q/V): the ratio of the conditionedand fi
18、ltered air, Q, that enters or is replaced in the smallchamber in one hour divided by the interior volume of thesmall chamber, V, air changes per hour (ACH).3.1.2 loading ratio, L: (L = A/V) , the total exposed surfacearea (A), excluding panel edges, of the product being testeddivided by the test cha
19、mbers interior volume, V,inm2/m3.3.1.3 make-up air flow, Q: the quantity of conditioned andfiltered air fed into the chamber per unit time, m3/h. Q can bedetermined by taking the Q/A value from Table 1 and dividingby A.3.1.4 Q/A ratio: the ratio of air flow through the chamber(Q) to sample surface a
20、rea (A), m3/h air per m2test area (seeSection 8, Table 1)3.1.5 sample surface area, A: the total area of all samplefaces exposed in the chamber, m2.3.1.6 steady state concentration, Cs: the formaldehyde con-centration (expressed in parts of formaldehyde per millionparts air (ppm) under the defined e
21、nvironmental test parametersof this method.3.1.7 volume of closed system, V: the interior volume of thetest chamber, m3.4. Significance and Use4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates havebeen established for wood panel building products made withurea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanent
22、ly installed inhomes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similarindustrial products. This test method is intended for use inconjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 formanufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housingunits and building materials. This method may also
23、be used formonitoring products for compliance to the California AirResources Board (CARB) regulation for composite woodproducts. This test method provides a means of testing smallersamples and reduces the time required for testing.4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by thissmall-scale met
24、hod may differ from expected in full-scaleindoor environments. Variations in product loading,temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affectformaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air form-aldehyde concentrations.4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02to1m3
25、in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentrationin air using the following controlled conditions:4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the testchamber,4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and4.3.5 Air
26、circulation within the chamber.5. Interferences5.1 The NIOSH 3500 analytical method lists phenols as anegative interference when present at an 8:1 excess overformaldehyde. Modifications in the analytical procedure shallbe made when relatively high phenol to formaldehyde concen-trations (8:1) are ant
27、icipated.8,96. Apparatus6.1 Test ChamberThe interior volume of the small cham-ber shall be from 0.02 to 1 m3. The interior of the test chambershall be free of refrigeration coils that condense water anditems such as humidifiers with water reservoirs since water hasthe potential for collecting formal
28、dehyde and thus influencingtest results. The interior surfaces of the small chamber,including any sample support system, shall be a nonadsorbentmaterial. Stainless steel, aluminum, and polytetrafluoroethyl-ene (PTFE) have been found appropriate as chamber liningmaterials. All joints except for doors
29、 used for loading andunloading specimens should be sealed. Doors shall be self-sealing.6.2 Make-Up Air:6.2.1 The make-up air shall come from a filtered dust-freeenvironment and a formaldehyde concentration in air no morethan 0.02 ppm. This can be accomplished by passing make-upair through a filter b
30、ed of activated carbon, activated aluminaimpregnated with potassium permanganate, or other materialscapable of absorbing or oxidizing formaldehyde.6.2.2 Make-up air for the chamber must pass through acalibrated air flow measuring device.6.2.3 Air CirculationLow speed mixing fans or multi-portinlet a
31、nd outlet diffusers are two techniques that have beenused successfully to ensure mixing of the chamber air over allsample surfaces.6.2.4 Air Sampling PortThe exhaust flow (that is, cham-ber outlet) is normally used as the sampling point, althoughseparate sampling ports in the chamber can be used. Th
32、esampling system shall be constructed of a material to minimize5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov; request U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1989.6Available from Pri
33、nt Communications, Dept. of Administration, 117 UniversityAve., St. Paul, MN 55155.8Hakes, D., Johnson, G., and Marhevka, J., Procedure for Elimination of PhenolInterference in the Chromotropic Acid Method for Formaldehyde, AmericanIndustrial Hygiene Association, April 1984.9Technical Bulletin No. 4
34、15, National Council of the Paper Industry for Air andStream Improvement Inc. (NCASI), 1983.D6007 142adsorption (for example, glass, stainless steel), and the systemshould be maintained at the same temperature as the testchambers.6.3 Examples of acceptable reagents, materials, and equip-ment are pro
35、vided in Appendix X1.7. Hazards7.1 Chromotropic Acid Reagent Treatment(See 10.3.4 and10.3.5.) During this hazardous operation, the operator mustwear rubber gloves, apron, and a full face mask or be protectedfrom splashing by a transparent shield such as a hood window.The solution becomes extremely h
36、ot during addition of sulfuricacid. If acid is not added slowly, some loss of sample couldoccur due to splattering.7.2 Cleaning Chemicals for GlasswareUse appropriateprecautions if cleaning chemicals are considered to be hazard-ous.8. Test Specimens8.1 Specimen Size and Chamber Air ChangeChambersare
37、 operated at a fixed sample size by varying the make-up air(Q), or at fixed Q by varying the product sample size byproduct type. Either mode is acceptable as long as theappropriate Q/A ratios for the product type are met (see Table1).8.2 Standard Face and Back Configuration TestingLoading ratio (L o
38、r A/V) is defined as the total exposedspecimen surface area, excluding edge area, divided by thechamber volume. Aluminum tape, or coatings with similarperformance, shall be used to cover the edges of the specimensif the edge exposure is greater than5%ofthesurface area,thereby retarding formaldehyde
39、emission from the edge.8.3 Nonstandard Sample Configuration Testing Productswith Single Surface ExposedSome products have signifi-cantly different formaldehyde release characteristics for eachsurface. In those cases, panels may be tested back-to-back withedges taped together. The panels shall be ide
40、ntified as tested inthe back-to-back mode.8.4 Combination TestingDifferent products may be testedin combination. Qualify the test report and note the Q/A ratioused.9. Sample Material Handling and Specimen Conditioning9.1 HandlingMaterials selected for testing shall bewrapped in polyethylene plastic
41、having a minimum thicknessof 0.15 mm (6 mil) until sample conditioning is initiated. Whentesting wood products that are not newly manufactured such asafter original application, installation or use, the method ofpackaging and shipping the products for testing shall be fullydescribed. Information on
42、the age and history of the productshall be detailed in the test report.9.2 ConditioningCondition test specimens with a mini-mum distance of 0.15 m (6 in.) between each specimen for 2 h6 15 min at conditions of 24 6 3C (75 6 5F) and 50 6 5%relative humidity. The formaldehyde concentration in the airw
43、ithin 0.3 m (12 in.) of where panels are conditioned shall benot more than the lesser of 0.10 ppm or the applicablecompliance limit when testing for compliance purposes, duringthe conditioning period.Alternative conditioning intervals maygive better correlation, such as seven day conditioning thatpa
44、rallels Test Method E1333.10. Procedure10.1 Test Procedure for Materials:10.1.1 Purge the chamber by running empty or with the useof filters designed to reduce the formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air, or both. The formaldehyde backgroundconcentration in air of the empty operating chamber sha
45、ll notexceed 0.02 ppm. Clean chamber surfaces with water orsuitable solvent if formaldehyde background concentrationsapproach 0.02 ppm.10.1.2 Locate the specimens in the chamber so that theconditioned air stream circulates over all panel surfaces.10.1.3 Operate the chamber at 25 6 1C (776 2F) and 50
46、6 4 % relative humidity. Record the temperature, relativehumidity, and barometric pressure during the testing period.Conduct the chamber test at a given Q/A ratio and record thisratio in the report.10.1.4 After placing samples in chamber, allow time for noless than three full air changes or 15 min,
47、whichever is greater,before beginning air sample collection (see Note 1).NOTE 1For products with very low emissions or to establish equiva-lence to ASTM Test Method E1333, it may be necessary to allow a longertime period prior to beginning air sampling.10.2 Air SamplingPurge air sampling lines for 1
48、 min. Atthe sampling station, bubble air through a single impingercontaining 20 mL of a 1 % sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) solu-tion. A filter trap may be placed between the impinger and theflowmeter. Set a calibrated flowmeter to maintain an averageairflow of 1 6 0.05 L/min for 30 to 60 min (see Note 2)
49、 withtime measured accurately to within 5 s. Following airsampling, analyze the collection solution.NOTE 2For products with very low emissions or to establish equiva-lence toASTM Test Method E1333, it may be necessary to use the 60 minsampling time.10.3 Analysis of Air Samples:10.3.1 Pipet 4 mL of the NaHSO3solution from the im-pinger into each of three 16 by 150-mm screwcap test tubes fortriplicate analysis of each impinger sample.10.3.2 Pipet 4 mL of 1 % NaHSO3into a 16 by 150-mmscrewcap test tube to act as a reagent blank.10.3.3 Add 0.1 mL of 1 % chromotropi
