1、Designation: D 6009 96 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Guide forSampling Waste Piles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6009; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in paren
2、theses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides guidance for obtaining representa-tive samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for siteevaluation, sampling design, select
3、ion of equipment, and datainterpretation.1.2 Waste piles include areas used primarily for wastestorage or disposal, including above-grade dry land disposalunits. This guide can be applied to sampling municipal wastepiles.1.3 This guide addresses how the choice of sampling designand sampling methods
4、depends on specific features of the pile.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory
5、 limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soilsfor Geotechnical PurposesD 4547 Guide
6、 for Sampling Waste and Soils for VolatileOrganic CompoundsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD 4823 Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsoli-dated SedimentsD 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste Sit
7、esD 5314 Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose ZoneD 5451 Practice for Sampling Using a Trier SamplerD 5518 Guide for Acquisition of File Aerial Photographyand Imagery for Establishing Historic Site-Use and Surfi-cial ConditionsD 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for EnvironmentalPurposes W
8、ith Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zoneand Ground Water3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 hot spotsstrata that contain high concentrations ofthe characteristic of interest and are relatively small in sizewhen compared with the total size of the materials being
9、sampled.3.1.2 representative samplea sample collected such that itreflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined bythe project objectives) of the population from which it wascollected.3.1.2.1 DiscussionArepresentative sample can be a singlesample, a set of samples, or one or more compo
10、site samples.3.1.3 waste pileunconfined storage of solid materials inan area of distinct boundaries, above grade and usuallyuncovered. This includes the following:3.1.3.1 chemical manufacturing waste pilea pile consist-ing primarily of discarded chemical products (whether market-able or not), by-pro
11、ducts, radioactive wastes, or used or unusedfeedstocks.3.1.3.2 scrap metal or junk pilea pile consisting primarilyof scrap metal or discarded durable goods such as appliances,automobiles, auto parts, or batteries.3.1.3.3 trash pilea pile of waste materials from municipalsources, consisting primarily
12、 of paper, garbage, or discardednondurable goods that contain or have contained hazardoussubstances. It does not include waste destined for recyclers.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide guidance for samplingwaste piles. It can be used to obtain samples for wastecharacterizat
13、ion related to use, treatment, or disposal; tomonitor an active pile; to prepare for closure of the waste pile;or to investigate the contents of an abandoned pile.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.01
14、 onPlanning for Sampling.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6009 - 96(2001).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For
15、Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Techniques used to sample include both in-place evalu-ations of the
16、pile and physically removing a sample. In-placeevaluations include techniques such as remote sensing, on-sitegas analysis, and permeability.4.3 Sampling strategy for waste piles is dependent on thefollowing:4.3.1 Project objectives including acceptable levels of errorwhen making decisions;4.3.2 Phys
17、ical characteristics of the pile, such as its size andconfiguration, access to all parts of it, and the stability of thepile;4.3.3 Process that generated the waste and the waste char-acteristics, such as hazardous chemical or physical properties,whether the waste consists of sludges, dry powders or
18、granules,and the heterogeneity of the wastes;4.3.4 History of the pile, including dates of generation,methods of handling and transport, and current managementmethods;4.3.5 Regulatory considerations, such as regulatory classi-fication and characterization data;4.3.6 Limits and bias of sampling metho
19、ds, including biasthat may be introduced by waste heterogeneity, samplingdesign, and sampling equipment.4.4 It is recommended that this guide be used in conjunctionwith Guide D 4687, which addresses sampling design, qualityassurance, general sampling considerations, preservation andcontainerization,
20、 cleaning equipment, packaging, and chain ofcustody.4.5 A case history of the investigation of a waste pile isincluded in Appendix X1.5. Site Evaluation5.1 Site evaluations are performed to assist in designing themost appropriate sampling strategy. An evaluation may consistof on-site surveys and ins
21、pections, as well as a review ofhistorical data. Nonintrusive geophysical and remote sensingmethods are particularly useful at this stage of the investigation(see Guide D 5518). Table 1 summarizes the effects thatvarious factors associated with the waste pile, such as thehistory of how the pile was
22、generated, have upon the strategyand design of the sampling plan. The strategic and designconsiderations are discussed as well.5.2 Generation HistoryThe waste pile may have beencreated over an extended time period.Aremote sensing methodthat is very useful in establishing historical managementpractic
23、es for waste piles is aerial imagery. Aerial photographsare widely available and may be used to determine the historyof a waste pile, sources of waste, and the presence anddistribution of different strata. Satellite imagery could be usedfor larger waste piles.5.2.1 The date of generation could be im
24、portant with respectto the types of processes that generated the waste, the charac-teristics of the waste, the distribution of the constituents, andregulatory concerns.5.2.2 The type of process that generated the waste willdetermine the types of constituents that may be present in thewaste pile. Che
25、mical variability will influence the number ofsamples that are required to characterize the waste pile unlessa directed (biased) sampling approach is acceptable.5.2.3 The delivery method of the material to the waste pilecould influence the concentrations of the constituents, affectthe overall shape
26、of the pile, or create physical dissimilaritywithin the waste pile through sorting by particle size or density.5.2.4 If the pile is under current management and use, thevariability in constituent types and concentrations may beaffected. Current management activities also may influence theregulatory
27、status of the waste pile.5.2.5 Regulatory considerations will typically focus onwaste identification questions, in other words is the material asolid waste that should be regulated and managed as ahazardous waste (1).3This may involve a limited, directedsampling approach, particularly if a regulator
28、y agency isconducting the investigation. A more comprehensive samplingdesign may be required to determine if the waste classifies ashazardous. Remediation efforts and questions regarding per-mits may focus on characterizing the entire pile, possibly as theremoval of material is occurring. It should
29、be noted thatconcentrations of contaminants near regulatory levels mayincrease the number of samples required to meet the objectivesof the investigation. These regulatory levels could be thoseestablished to determine if a waste is hazardous, or “cleanup”levels set for a removal or remediation.5.3 Ph
30、ysical Characteristics of Pile Several physicalcharacteristics of the waste pile must be considered during thesite evaluation. Variability in size, shape, and stability of thepile affects access to it to obtain samples as well as safetyconsiderations. Physical variability will influence the numberof
31、 samples that are required to characterize the waste pileunless a directed (biased) sampling approach is considered tobe acceptable. Techniques that might be used include resistivityand seismic refraction (for determining the depth of very largepiles).5.3.1 The size of the waste pile will influence
32、the samplingstrategy in that increasing size is often accompanied byincreased variability in the physical characteristics of the wastepile. The number of samples, however, that are needed to3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Strate
33、gy FactorsWaste Pile Factors Strategic Considerations Design ConsiderationsGeneration history Date of generation Analysis requiredTypes of processes Location of samplesCharacteristics by processDelivery methodCurrent managementRegulatory considerationsPhysical characteristicsof pile:Physical variabi
34、lity of pile Number of samples size Access Location of samples shape Safety Equipment selection stabilityWaste characteristics Constituents present Number of samplesConstituent distribution Analysis requiredHeterogeneity Location of samples physical variability Representativesamples chemical variabi
35、lity Equipment selectionD 6009 96 (2006)2characterize a waste pile adequately will typically be a functionof the study objectives as well as the inherent variability of thepile.5.3.2 The shape of the waste pile can influence the samplingstrategy by limiting access to certain locations within the pil
36、e,and if it is topologically complex it is difficult to lay out asampling grid. Also, a waste pile may extend vertically bothabove and below grade, making decisions regarding the depthof sample collection difficult.5.3.3 The stability of the waste pile also can limit access toboth the face and the i
37、nterior of the pile. The use of certaintypes of heavier sampling equipment also could be limited bythe ability of the pile to bear the weight of the equipment.5.4 Waste Characteristics:5.4.1 The constituents could include inorganics, volatileorganic compounds (VOCs), and semivolatile organic com-pou
38、nds (including pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs) (see Practice D 4547). Speciality analyses may bewarranted, such as leaching tests or analyses for dioxin/furansor explosive compounds. Soil gas sampling is a minimallyintrusive technique that may detect the presence and distribu-tion of
39、volatile organic compounds in soils and in porous,unconsolidated materials. Appropriate applications for soil gasmonitoring are identified in Guide D 5314.5.4.2 The distribution of constituents in the waste pile couldbe influenced by changes in the manufacturing process whichresulted in changes in t
40、he composition of the waste; the lengthof time the material has remained in the pile (particularly forVOCs); the mode of delivery of the waste materials to the pile;and management practices, such as mixing together wastesfrom more than one process.5.4.3 Physical and chemical variabilities would incl
41、udevariability in the chemical characteristics of the material withinthe pile, as well as variability in particle size, density, hardness,whether brittle or flexible, moisture content, consolidated, orunconsolidated. The variability may be random or found asstrata of materials having different prope
42、rties or containingdifferent types or concentrations of constituents.5.4.3.1 Geophysical survey methods may be used on piles toestimate physical homogeneity, which may or may not berelated to chemical homogeneity, and to detect buried objects,both of which may need to be considered during the develo
43、p-ment of the sampling design and the safety plan for theinvestigation. The most suitable technique for detecting non-metallic objects is electromagnetics. Ground-penetrating radar,a more sophisticated and complex technique, also may beconsidered. Electromagnetic techniques are suited particularlyto
44、 large piles that contain leachate plumes (for example, minetailings) or for the detection of large discontinuities in a pile(for example, different types of wastes or the transition from adisposal area to background soils). For metallic objects, metaldetectors and magnetometers are useful and relat
45、ively easy touse in the field.5.5 Potential Investigation Errors:5.5.1 Equipment selection can bias sampling results even ifthe equipment is used properly. Bias can result from theincompatibility of the materials that the sampling equipment ismade of with the materials being sampled. For example, th
46、eequipment could alter the characteristics of the sample. Someequipment will bias against the collection of certain particlessizes, and some equipment cannot penetrate the waste pileadequately.5.5.2 Equipment, use, and operation can introduce error(bias) into the characterization of a waste pile. Sa
47、mpling errorstypically are caused when certain particle sizes are excluded,when a segment of the waste pile is not sampled, or when alocation outside the pile is inadvertently sampled.5.5.3 When stratification, layering, or solid phasing occursit may be necessary to obtain and analyze samples of eac
48、h ofthe distinct phases separately to minimize sampling bias. Careshould be taken when sampling stratified layers to minimizecross contamination. Proper decontamination proceduresshould be used for all sampling equipment (see PracticeD 5088).5.5.4 Statistical bias includes situations where the data
49、arenot normally distributed or when the sampling strategy doesnot allow the potential for every portion of the pile to besampled.6. Sampling Strategy6.1 Developing a strategy for sampling a waste pile requiresa thorough examination of the site evaluation factors listed inSection 5. The location and frequency of sampling (number ofsamples) should be outlined clearly in the sampling plan, aswell as provisions for the use of special sampling equipment,access of heavy equipment to all areas of the pile, if necessary,and so forth.6.1.1 Representative SamplingThe collection o
