1、Designation: D6117 16Standard Test Methods forMechanical Fasteners in Plastic Lumber and Shapes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6117; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、 number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe use of plastic lumber and shapes often involves the use of mechanical fasteners, such as nails,screws, bolts, lag screws, and conn
3、ectors. Data on the strength and performance of such fasteners arefrequently needed for design and for comparative purposes. Presented herewith are methods ofconducting tests for nail, staple and screw withdrawal resistance and lateral load transmission by nail,staple, screw, and bolt. The use of st
4、andard methods for these tests is recommended as a means ofobtaining comparable data and of eliminating variables in test results because of variation in testingmethods.1. Scope*1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of fastener usewith “as manufactured” plastic lumber and shapes through theuse
5、 of two different testing procedures.1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:SectionsTest Method ANail, Staple, or Screw Withdrawal Test 4 to 13Test Method BLateral Nail, Staple, or Screw Resistance Test 14 to 221.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently madepredominately from re
6、cycled plastics. However, these testmethods would also be applicable to similar manufacturedplastic products made from virgin resins where the product isnon-homogeneous in the cross-section.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The SI units given in parentheses are
7、 for informa-tion only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
8、 to use.NOTE 1There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D883 Terminology Relating to PlasticsD1761 Test Methods for Mechanical Fasteners in WoodD5033 Guide for Development ofASTM Standards Relatingto Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics (Withdrawn
9、2007)3D6111 Test Method for Bulk Density And Specific Gravityof Plastic Lumber and Shapes by DisplacementD6341 Test Method for Determination of the Linear Coef-ficient of Thermal Expansion of Plastic Lumber andPlastic Lumber Shapes Between 30 and 140F (34.4and 60C)E4 Practices for Force Verification
10、 of Testing Machines2.2 ANSI Standards:4B18.6.1 American National Standard for Slotted and Re-cessed Head Wood Screws3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 plastic lumber, na manufactured product made pri-marily from plastic materials (filled or unfilled), typically used1These test methods are under th
11、e jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 onPlastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.20 on Plastic Lumber(Section D20.20.01).Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published June 2016. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6117 - 131. DOI:10.1520/D61
12、17-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard
13、is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoho
14、cken, PA 19428-2959. United States1as a building material for purposes similar to those of tradi-tional lumber, which is usually rectangular in cross-section.(Terminology D883)3.1.1.1 DiscussionPlastic lumber is typically supplied insizes similar to those of traditional lumber board, timber anddimen
15、sion lumber; however the tolerances for plastic lumberand for traditional lumber are not necessarily the same.(Terminology D883)3.1.2 plastic shape, nmanufactured product composed ofmore than 50 weight percent resin, and in which the productgenerally is not rectangular in cross-section, may be fille
16、d orunfilled, and may be composed of single or multiple resinblends.3.1.3 resin, na solid or pseudosolid organic material oftenof high molecular weight, which exhibits a tendency to flowwhen subjected to stress, usually has a softening or meltingrange, and usually fractures conchoidally. (Terminolog
17、y D883)3.1.3.1 DiscussionIn a broad sense, the term is used todesignate any polymer that is basic material for plastics.3.2 Additional definition of terms applying to these testmethods appear in Terminology D883 and Guide D5033.TEST METHOD ANAIL, STAPLE, OR SCREWWITHDRAWAL TEST4. Scope4.1 This test
18、method provides a basic procedure for evalu-ating the resistance or plastic lumber and shapes materials todirect withdrawal of nails, staples, and screws. Spikes areincluded as nails in this test method.4.2 This test method also provides a basis for determiningcomparable performance of different typ
19、es and sizes of nails,staples, and screws in direct withdrawal from plastic lumberand shapes.5. Summary of Test Method5.1 Specimens consist of “as manufactured” plastic lumberand shapes, with nails, staples, or screws driven at right anglesto one or more faces. The fasteners are withdrawn at a unifo
20、rmrate of speed by means of a testing machine, and the maximumload is recorded. Supplementary physical properties of theplastic lumber and shapes are also determined.6. Significance and Use6.1 The resistance of plastic lumber and shapes to directwithdrawal of nails, staples, or screws is a measure o
21、f its abilityto hold or be held to an adjoining object by means of suchfasteners. Factors that affect this withdrawal resistance includethe physical and mechanical properties of the plastic lumberand shapes; the size, shape, and surface condition of thefasteners; the speed of withdrawal; physical ch
22、anges to plasticlumber and shapes or fasteners between time of driving andtime of withdrawal; orientation of fiber axis; the occurrenceand nature of prebored lead holes; and the temperatures duringinsertion and withdrawal. These factors will be as circum-stances dictate, and representative of the no
23、rmal manufacturingprocess.6.2 By using a standard size and type of nail, staple, orscrew, withdrawal resistance of plastic lumber and shapes canbe determined. Throughout the method this is referred to as thebasic withdrawal test. Similarly, comparative performances ofdifferent sizes or types of nail
24、, staple, or screw can bedetermined by using a standard procedure with a particularplastic lumber and shape, which eliminates the plastic lumberand shapes product as a variable. Since differences in testmethods can have considerable influence on results, it isimportant that a standard procedure be s
25、pecified and adheredto, if test values are to be related to other test results.7. Apparatus7.1 Testing MachineAny suitable testing machine that iscapable of operation at a constant rate of motion of themovable head and has an accuracy of 61 % when calibrated inaccordance with Test Methods E4.7.2 Gri
26、psA gripping device shaped to fit the base of thefastener head and of such a design as to allow accurateclamping assembly that will hold the specimen to one platen ofthe machine is also required. A suitable test mechanism forscrew withdrawal is illustrated in Fig. 1.8. Test Nails, Staples, or Screws
27、8.1 Nails:8.1.1 Nails used for basic withdrawal tests shall bediamond-point round-wire, low-carbon-steel nails nominally0.148 in. (3.76 mm) in diameter and 3 in. (76 mm) in length(See Note 2). Use each nail only once.NOTE 2A 10d galvanized common steel wire nail meets this require-ment.8.1.2 For det
28、ermining holding ability of different sizes ortypes of nails in plastic lumber and shapes, the respective sizesand types of nail will be as circumstances dictate. These nailsshall be representative of the normal manufacturing process,and special cleaning of the shank shall normally not beundertaken.
29、8.2 Staples:8.2.1 Staples used for basic leg withdrawal resistance shallbe nominally 2.0-in. (51-mm) long,716-in. (11-mm) crown, 15gage (0.072-in. (1.83-mm) galvanized steel staples. Use eachstaple only once.8.2.2 For determining holding ability of different types orsizes of staples in plastic lumbe
30、r and shapes, the respectivestaples shall be representative of the normal manufacturingprocess, and special cleaning of the legs shall not normally beundertaken.8.3 Screws:8.3.1 Screws used for basic withdrawal tests shall be nomi-nally 1-in. (25-mm) No. 10gage flathead low-carbon-steelwood screws a
31、s described in ANSI B18.6.1. Use each screwonly once.8.3.2 For determining holding ability of different sizes andtypes of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, the respectivesize and types of screw will be as circumstances dictate. Thesescrews shall be representative of the normal manufacturingproces
32、s.D6117 1629. Sampling9.1 Sampling needs to provide for selection of representa-tive test materials on an objective and unbiased basis, coveringan appropriate range in density and properties as circumstancessuggest.9.2 The tests need to be sufficiently extensive to providereliable results. Where ana
33、lysis by statistical procedures iscontemplated, experience and sometimes advance estimatescan be used to establish the scope of testing and type ofsampling needed to achieve the expected reliability.NOTE 3The precision required, and thus the manner of sampling andnumber of tests, will depend upon sp
34、ecific objectives. No specific criteriatherefore can be established. General experience indicates that thecoefficient of variation from tests of fasteners ranges from about 15 to30 %. When such is the case, precision of 5 to 10 %, with 95 % confidence(an often accepted general measure of reliability
35、 for testing of woodproducts) cannot be achieved without making a rather large number oftests. The present recommendation is to make at least ten replications foreach variable as a minimum requirement.10. Test Specimen10.1 Nail and Staple Withdrawal10.1.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumb
36、er, cutthe test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”profile. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 and staples ofthe type outlined in 8.2.1 at right angles to the face of thespecimen to a minimum total penetration of 114 in. (32 mm).With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank) posi
37、tion, drivetwo fasteners into the top face (width), two into the side face(height), and one into each end. End and edge distances shallbe sufficient to avoid splitting. In general, edge distances needto be not be less than 112 in. (38 mm) and two fasteners shallnot be driven in line with each other
38、or less than 2 in. (50 mm)apart on the top and side faces. Drive nails manually with ahammer. Insert staples with an appropriate tool, as nearly aspossible perpendicular to the specimen surface, with the staplecrown at a 45 (610) angle to the axial dimension of thespecimen.10.1.2 For basic withdrawa
39、l tests from plastic shapes, thetest specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-tured” product. Drive nails of the type outlined in 8.1.1 thoughthe specimen at right angles to the face, permitting at least12in. (13 mm) of the shank portion to remain above the surface.Drive nails manuall
40、y by means of a hammer. Insert staples withan appropriate tool as in 10.1.1, with the staple crown orientedat a 45 (610) angle to the axial dimension of the specimen.10.1.3 Fasteners Other Than Those Described in 8.1.1 or8.2.1For determining the withdrawal resistance of particularsizes and shapes of
41、 nails or staples in plastic lumber andFIG. 1 Diagram of Assembly for Screw Withdrawal TestD6117 163shapes, the specimen shall be of convenient size to accommo-date the quantity of fasteners to be tested in each specimen,without exceeding the edge and end distances and spacingnecessary to avoid spli
42、tting. In plastic lumber and shapes, drivefasteners to 70 % of their length; in plastic lumber and shapesless than 1-in. (25-mm) thick, drive them completely throughthe thickness with at least12 in. (13 mm) of the shank portionremaining above the surface. Drive the fasteners by the methodintended to
43、 be used in practice, that is, either manually with ahammer, or with an applicator or appropriate tool if this is thenormal method.10.1.3.1 If the potential exists for the withdrawal resistanceto be influenced by the material in which the fastener is to bedriven, drive the fastener through the faste
44、ned member (cleat)into the base fastening member.10.2 Screw Withdrawal:10.2.1 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic lumber, cutthe test specimens to length from the “as manufactured”profile. With the specimen oriented in a flatwise (plank)position, thread two screws of the type outlined in 8.3.1 i
45、ntolead holes at right angles to the top face (width), two into theside face (height), and one into each end, each to a totalpenetration equal to the length of the threaded portion. End andedge distance shall be sufficient to avoid splitting. that ingeneral will be at least34 in. (19 mm) from the ed
46、ge and 112in. (38 mm) from the end, and spacing will be at least 212 in.(63 mm) apart on the top and side faces.10.2.2 For basic withdrawal tests from plastic shapes, thetest specimen shall be a single thickness of the “as manufac-tured” product. The depth of the specimen shall be at leastequal to t
47、he length of the screw. Thread screws of the typeoutlined in 8.3.1 into the specimen a distance of23 in. (17 mm)at midwidth, at least 2 in. (50 mm) from the end of thespecimen. The size of lead hole shall be 70 % of the rootdiameter of the screw and it shall extend12 in. (13 mm) into theface of the
48、specimen.10.2.3 For determining the withdrawal resistance of particu-lar sizes and types of screws in plastic lumber and shapes, thespecimen shall be of convenient size to accommodate thequantity of screws to be tested in each specimen, withoutexceeding the edge and end distances and spacing necessa
49、ry toavoid splitting. Thread screws into the specimen for the lengthof the threaded portion of the shank or two thirds of the shanklength, if it is threaded throughout. The size of lead hole, if oneis to be drilled, shall be 70 % of the root diameter of the screwfor a distance of one half of the screw length.10.2.3.1 If the potential exists for the withdrawal resistanceto be influenced by the material through which the screw is tobe threaded, thread the screw through the fastened member(cleat) into the base fastening member.11. Conditioning11.1 Na
