1、Designation: D 6151 08Standard Practice forUsing Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Exploration andSoil Sampling1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6151; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This practice covers how to obtain soil samples usinghollow-stem sampling systems and use of hollow-stem augerdril
3、ling methods for geotechnical exploration. This practiceaddresses how to obtain soil samples suitable for engineeringproperties testing.1.2 In most geotechnical explorations, hollow-stem augerdrilling is combined with other sampling methods. Split barrelpenetration tests (Test Method D 1586) are oft
4、en performed toprovide estimates of engineering properties of soils. Thin-walltube (Practice D 1587) and ring-lined barrel samples (PracticeD 3550) are also frequently taken. This practice discusses holepreparation for these sampling events. For information on thesampling process, consult the relate
5、d standards. Other in situtests, such as the vane shear Test Method D 2573, can beperformed below the base of the boring by access through thedrill string.1.3 This practice does not include considerations for geoen-vironmental site characterizations and installation of monitor-ing wells which are ad
6、dressed in Guide D 5784.1.4 This practice may not reflect all aspects of operations. Itoffers guidance on current practice but does not recommend aspecific course of action. It should not be used as the solecriterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieveprofessional judgment.1.5 Th
7、e values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geotechnical explorationoften involves safety planning,
8、administration, and documen-tation. This standard does not purport to specifically addressexploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user ofthis standard to establish appropriate safety and health prac-tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to its use.
9、 Performance of the test usually involves use ofa drill rig, therefore, safety requirements as outlined in appli-cable safety standards, for example OSHA (OccupationalHealth and SafetyAdministration) regulations, DCDMAsafetymanual (1),2drilling safety manuals, and other applicable stateand local reg
10、ulations must be observed.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering De-sign and Construction PurposesD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils(Visual-Manual Procedure)
11、D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-tions of Soil and Rock2.2 Standards for Sampling of Soil and Rock:D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tu
12、be Sampling of Soils forGeotechnical PurposesD 2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling ofRock for Site InvestigationD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling fro
13、m the Vadose ZoneD 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore Samples2.3 In situ Testing:D 2573 Test Method for Field Vane Shear Test in CohesiveSoil1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on
14、Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil Evaluations.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008, Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D 6151 97 (2003).2The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references at the end of thispractice.3For re
15、ferenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.C
16、opyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Testsof SoilD 4719 Test Methods for Prebored Pressuremeter Testing inSoils2.4 Instrument Installation and Monitoring:D 4428/D 4428M Test
17、 Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-ingD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (ObservationWell)D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundWater Monitoring Wells2.5 Drilling Methods:D 5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vir
18、onmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline CasingAdvancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Ex-ploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring Devices3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: Term
19、inology used within this practice is inaccordance with Terminology D 653 with the addition of thefollowing (see Figs. 1-5 for typical system components):3.1.1 auger cutter headthe terminal section of the leadauger equipped with a hollow cutting head for cutting soil. Thecutter head is connected to t
20、he lead auger. The cutter head isequipped with abrasion-resistant cutting devices, normallywith carbide surfaces. The cutter can be teeth (usually square orconical), or blades (rectangular or spade design). Cutter headdesigns may utilize one style cutter or a combination of cutters.3.1.2 bit clearan
21、ce ratioa ratio, expressed as a percentageof the difference between the inside diameter of the samplingtube and the inside diameter of the cutting bit divided by theinside diameter of the sampling tube.3.1.3 blow-in(Practice D 5092)the inflow of groundwa-ter and unconsolidated material into the bore
22、hole or casingcaused by differential hydraulic heads; that is, caused by thepresence of a greater hydraulic head outside the borehole/casing than inside. Also known as sanding in or soil heave.3.1.4 clean out depththe depth to which the end of thedrill string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has rea
23、ched after aninterval of drilling. The clean out depth (or drilled depth as itis referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material orcuttings in the bottom of the drill hole) is normally recorded tothe nearest 0.1 ft. (0.03 m).3.1.5 continuous sampling devicessampling systemswhich continuously
24、 sample as the drilling progresses. Hollow-stem sampling systems are often referred to as continuoussamplers because they can be operated in that mode. Hollow-stem sampling systems are double-tube augers where barrel-type samplers fit within the lead auger of the hollow augercolumn. The double-tube
25、auger operates as a soil coring systemin certain subsurface conditions where the sampler barrel fillswith material as the augers advance. The barrel can be removedand replaced during pauses in drilling for continuous coring.3.1.6 double-tube augeran auger equipped with an innerbarrel for soil sampli
26、ng (soil coring). If equipped with an innerbarrel and liner, the auger system can be described as atriple-tube auger.3.1.7 drill holea cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole orboring.3.1.8 drill stringthe complete drilling assembly underrotation in
27、cluding augers, core barrel or pilot bit, drill rods, andconnector subassemblies. Drilling depth is determined byknowledge of the total length of the drill string, and bysubtracting the string length above a ground surface datum.3.1.9 fluid injection devicespumps, fittings, hose and pipecomponents,
28、or drill rig attachments that may be used to injecta fluid within a hollow auger column during drilling.3.1.10 HSAHollow stem auger(s). See 3.1.11.3.1.11 hollow stem augera cylindrical hollow tube with acontinuous helical fluting/fighting on the outside, which acts asa screw conveyor to lift cutting
29、s produced by an auger drillhead or cutter head bit to the surface.3.1.12 in-hole-hammera drop hammer for driving a soilsampling device. The in-hole hammer is designed to rundown-hole within the HSA column. It is usually operated witha free-fall wireline hoist capable of lifting and dropping theFIG.
30、 1 Rod-Type Auger System With Pilot Bit1D6151082hammer weight to drive the sampler below the HSA columnand retrieve the hammer and sampler to the surface. See Fig. 643.1.13 in situ testing devicessensors or probes, used forobtaining test data for estimation of engineering properties,that are typical
31、ly pushed, rotated, or driven in advance of thehollow auger column assembly at a designated depth oradvanced simultaneously with advancement of the auger col-umn (see 2.3).3.1.14 intermittent sampling devicesbarrel-type samplersthat may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the auger head ata designat
32、ed depth prior to advancement of the auger column(see 2.2).3.1.15 lead auger assemblythe first hollow stem auger tobe advanced into the subsurface. The end of the lead augerassembly is equipped with a cutter head for cutting. The leadauger may also contain a pilot bit assembly or sample barrelassemb
33、ly housed within the hollow portion of the auger. If awireline system is used, the lead auger assembly will have anadapter housing on top of the first auger containing a latchingdevice for locking the pilot bit assembly or sampling corebarrel into the lead auger assembly.3.1.16 lead distancethe mech
34、anically adjusted length ordistance that the inner core barrel cutting shoe is set to extendbeyond the lead auger assembly cutting head.3.1.17 overshota latching mechanism located at the endof the hoisting line (wireline). It is specially designed to latchonto or release the pilot bit or core barrel
35、 assemblies. It servesas a lifting device for removing the pilot bit or samplerassembly.3.1.18 O-ringa rubber ring for preventing leakage be-tween joining metal connections, such as hollow-stem augersections.3.1.19 percent recoverypercentage which indicates thesuccess of sample retrieval, calculated
36、 by dividing the length ofsample recovered by the length of sampler advancement.3.1.20 pilot bit assemblyan assembly designed to attachto a drill rod or lock into the lead auger assembly for drillingwithout sampling. The pilot bit can have various configurations(drag bit, roller cone, tooth bit, or
37、combination of designs) toaid in more efficient or rapid hole advancement.3.1.21 recovery lengththe length of sample actually re-trieved during the sampling operation.3.1.22 sanding ina condition that occurs when sand or siltenters the auger after removal of the pilot bit or samplingbarrel. See blow
38、-in. Sanding in can occur from hydrostaticimbalance or by suction forces caused by removal of the pilotbit or sampling barrel.3.1.23 sloughthe disturbed material left in the bottom ofthe borehole, usually from falling off the side of the borehole,or falling out of the sampler, or off of the auger.3.
39、1.24 soil coring, hollow-stemThe drilling process ofusing a double-tube HSA system to intermittently or continu-ously sample the subsurface material (soil).3.1.25 wireline drilling, hollow-stema rotary drilling pro-cess using a lead auger which holds a pilot bit or samplingbarrel delivered and remov
40、ed by wireline hoisting. Latchingassemblies are used to lock or unlock the pilot bit or samplerbarrel. The pilot bit or core barrel is raised or lowered on awireline cable with an overshot latching device.4. Significance and Use4.1 Hollow-stem augers are frequently used for geotechni-cal exploration
41、. Often, hollow-stem augers are used with othersampling systems, such as split barrel penetration resistancetesting, Test Method D 1586, or thin-wall tube sampling,Practice D 1587 (see 2.5). Hollow-stem augers may be used toadvance a drill hole without sampling using a pilot bitassembly, or they may
42、 be equipped with a sampling system forobtaining soil cores. In some subsurface conditions that containcohesive soils, the drillhole can be successfully advancedwithout the use of a pilot bit assembly. Intermittent drilling(advancing of the HSA column with or without a pilot bit) andsampling can be
43、performed depending on the intervals to besampled, or continuous sampling can be performed. Duringpauses in the drilling and sampling process, in situ testing or4Foremost Mobile, Mobile Drilling Company Inc., 3807 Madison Avenue,Indianapolis, IN.FIG. 2 Example of Rod-Type Sampling System2D6151083oth
44、er soil sampling methods can be performed through thehollow auger column below the lead auger assembly. Atcompletion of the boring to the depth of interest, the hole maybe abandoned or testing or monitoring devices can be installed.Hollow-stem auger drilling allows for drilling and casing thehole si
45、multaneously, thereby eliminating hole caving problemsand contamination of soil samples (2). The hollow-stem augerdrilling and sampling method can be a satisfactory means forcollecting samples of shallow unconsolidated subsurface ma-terials (2). Additional guidance on use can be found in Refs. 2,3,
46、4, 5, 6.4.2 Soil sampling with a double-tube hollow-stem samplingsystem provides a method for obtaining continuous or inter-mittent samples of soils for accurate logging of subsurfacematerials to support geotechnical testing and exploration. Awide variety of soils from clays to sands can be sampled.
47、 Thesampling systems can be particularly effective in dry soft tostiff clayey or silty deposits but also can work well undersaturated conditions. Saturated cohesionless soils such as cleansands may flow and cave during drilling (see Note 1). In manycases, the HSA soil core sampling system can produc
48、e verylittle disturbance to the sample and can provide samples forlaboratory tests for measurement of selected engineering prop-erties. Large-diameter soil cores, if taken carefully, can provideClass C and D samples as described in Practice D 4220. TheHSA systems can also provide disturbed samples o
49、f unsatur-ated sands and gravels with some structure preserved. Full 5-ft(1.5-m) long cores usually cannot be obtained in unsaturatedsands due to increasing side wall friction between the dry sandsand inside surface of the sample core barrel. Sample length of2 to 2.5 ft. (0.60 to 0.75 m) is generally the limit of amount ofsample that can be recovered in unsaturated sands before thefriction between the sampler and the sand becomes too highand causes blocking or plugging of the sampler. Shorter largeFIG. 3 Example of Wireline Sampling System3D6151084diameter
