1、Designation: D6169 98 (Reapproved 2005)D6169/D6169M 13Standard Guide forSelection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used WithDrill Rigs for Environmental Investigations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6169;D6169/D6169M; the number immediately following the designation indicatest
2、he year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This guide covers guidance for the select
3、ion of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose ofcharacterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy and structure,and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.1.2 This guide does not specifical
4、ly address selection of soil sampling devices for use with direct-push sampling systems, butthe information in this guide on thick-wall and thin-wall samplers is generally applicable to direct-push soil sampling.1.3 This guide should be used in conjunction with referenced ASTM guides, practices, and
5、 methods on drilling techniques forgeoenvironmental investigations and use of sampling devices referenced in 2.1, and with Guide D5730.1.4 This guide does not address selection of sampling devices for hand-held soil sampling equipment, and soil sample collectionwith solid-stem augering devices, or c
6、ollection of grab samples or hand-carved block samples from accessible excavations. Referto Appendix X1.2 for guidance on these topics. This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D4700 when thin-walled,split barrel, ring-lined barrel and piston samplers with solid- and hollow-stem augers ar
7、e used in the unsaturated zone.1.5 This guide does not address devices for collecting cores from submerged sediments or sampling devices for solid wastes.Refer to Guide D4823 for guidance on these topics.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as th
8、e standard. However, dimensionsof materials used in the drilling industry are given in English units by convention, therefore, English units are used where necessaryin this guide.standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be usedindependentl
9、y of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and he
10、alth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or series of options and does not recommend a specific course ofaction. This document cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjun
11、ction with professionaljudgement.judgment. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means that the document has been approved through theASTM consensus process.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D657D653 Specification for Isopropyl AcetateTerminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Cont
12、ained Fluids (Withdrawn 1977)D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by Auger BoringsD1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for Geotechnical PurposesD2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampli
13、ng of Rock for Site InvestigationD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel, Drive Sampling of SoilsD3694 Practices for Preparation of Sample Containers and for Preservation of Organic Constituents1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the d
14、irect responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and VadoseZone InvestigationsCurrent edition approved Jan. 1, 2005Aug. 1, 2013. Published February 2005August 2013. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 19982005 asD616998. DOI: 10.1520/D6169-98R05. 98 (2005). DOI:
15、10.1520/D6169_D6169M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard
16、 and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases on
17、ly the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D3740 Practice for M
18、inimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used inEngineering Design and ConstructionD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4452 Practice for X-Ray Radiography of Soil SamplesD4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose ZoneD4823
19、Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated SedimentsD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible WallPermeameterD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
20、 Used at Waste SitesD5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations of Soil and RockD5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone andGroundwater (Withdrawn 2013)3D5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for
21、 Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Wate
22、r-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of SubsurfaceWater-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5872 Guide for Use of Casing Advance
23、ment Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5876 Guide for Use of D
24、irect Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration andInstallation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD5911 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Soil Sampling SiteD6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geotechnical Explor
25、ation and Soil Sampling3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminologyDefinitionsFor definitions of general technical terms used within this guide is in accordancewith guide, refer to Terminology D653 except as noted below3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 borehole grab samplera sampl
26、ing device with a cutting head that advances by rotation and collects a sample by scrapingside or bottom rather than coring. See(See Section 8.1.)3.2.2 chemically undisturbedintact core samplea soil or rock core sample in which the sampling device, collection andhandling procedures result in preserv
27、ation of the chemical properties to a degree that satisfies the purpose for which the samplewas taken.3.2.2.1 DiscussionFor nonsensitive chemical constituents, representative samples will generally provide chemically undisturbedintact samples.Nonrepresentative samples may also be chemically undistur
28、bed,intact, but are generally not suitable for analysis because of theiruncertain integrity, location or origin. For sensitive chemical constituents, special sample collection and handling procedures aregenerally required to obtain chemically undisturbedintact samples as discussed in 6.4 and 6.10. P
29、hysically undisturbedintactsamples will generally provide chemically undisturbedintact samples provided that sampling technique, and materials for samplingdevices and containers are selected to avoid chemical alteration.3.2.3 clearance ratio (inside)the difference between inside diameter of the samp
30、ling tube and inside diameter of cutting edgeor shoe divided by the inside diameter of the cutting shoe or edge.3.2.3.1 Discussion3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D6169/D6169M 132referRefer to Hvorslev (1)4 and Paikowsky et al. (2) for appropriate
31、 formulas for calculating wall area ratio.3.2.4 corefor the purposes of this guide, a cylindrical sample of soil or rock obtained by means of a thick-wall, thin-wall, orrotating core sampler.3.2.5 cuttingsfor the purposes of this guide, soil material or small-sized rock fragments brought to the surf
32、ace in the air orfluid stream of a rotary drill rig, bailing from a cable tool rig, sticking to drill bits or auger flights, or as return from auger flights.See 8.3.3.2.5 direct push sampling systemfor the purposes of this guide, a subsurface sampling system using samplers generally 2 in.(50 mm)50 m
33、m 2 in. in diameter or less that use hand-held percussion driving devices, or mobile hydraulic, vibratory orpercussion drive systems that are mounted to a small truck, van, all-terrain vehicle (ATV), trailer, skid, or drill rig.3.2.6 drill rigfor the purposes of this guide, a land-based wheeled, ATV
34、, or skid-mounted assembly or offshore or bargemounted assembly capable of drilling boreholes and collecting soil or rock samples with a diameter generally greater than 2 in.(50 mm)50 mm 2 in. using rotary, drive, push, or vibratory advancement methods.3.2.7 drill-rod core samplinga sampling process
35、 in which a fixed drill rod assembly advances a thick-wall or thin-wall sampleror a rotating drill rod assembly advances a rotating core samplers.3.2.8 group Asamples for which only general visual identification is necessary (see Practices D4220).3.2.9 group Bsamples for which only water content and
36、 classification tests, proctor and optimum dry density or relativedensity, or profile logging is required and bulk samples that will be remolded or compacted into specimens for swell pressure,percent swell, consolidation, permeability, shear testing, CBR, stabilimeter, etc. (see Practices D4220).3.2
37、.10.1 DiscussionGroup B samples are disturbed, remolded samples used primarily for engineering properties tests.3.2.9.1 DiscussionGroup B samples are disturbed, remolded samples used primarily for engineering properties tests.3.2.10 group Cintact, natural formed or field fabricated, samples for dens
38、ity determination; or for swell pressure, percentswell, consolidation, permeability testing and shear testing with or without stress-strain and volume change measurements, toinclude dynamic and cyclic testing (see Practices D4220).3.2.10.1 DiscussionGroup C samples are undisturbedintact samples used
39、 primarily for engineering properties tests. Some of these tests, such as bulkdensity and permeability are useful for environmental investigations. Additional physical and hydrologic properties that requireGroup C type samples are identified in Table 1.3.2.11 group Dsamples that are fragile or highl
40、y sensitive for which tests in Group C are required (see Practices D4220).3.2.12 intact samplea soil sample that has been obtained by methods in which every precaution has been taken to minimizedisturbance to the sample (seeTerminology D653). (See also definitions for chemically intact sample and ph
41、ysically intact sample.)3.2.13 linercylindrical tubes or rings made of metal or plastic placed inside a core sampling device to facilitate sampleretrieval and handling.3.2.14 nonrepresentative samplea soil sample that consists of drill cuttings of uncertain integrity, location or origin, or otherinc
42、omplete or contaminated portions of subsurface materials; generally not suitable for testing or analysis (3).3.2.15 physically undisturbedintact core samplea soil or rock core sample in which the sampling device, collection andhandling procedures result in preservation of the in situ physical and hy
43、draulic properties (such as, structure, density, and moisturecontent) to a degree that satisfies the purpose for which the sample was taken.4 The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of the text.TABLE 1 General Sample-Type Requirements for Measurement ofPhys
44、ical and Chemical PropertiesTests to be Performed PhysicallyUndisturbedIntact ChemicallyUndisturbedIntactRepresentativePhysical/Hydrologic PropertiesHydraulic Conductivity X . . . . . .Specific Yield X . . . . . .Pressure Head (Matric Potential) X . . . . . .Moisture Characteristic FunctionsA X . .
45、. XWater Content . . . . . . XTests to be Performed PhysicallyUndisturbedIntact ChemicallyUndisturbedIntactRepresentativeParticle Size Distribution . . . . . . XBulk Density/Porosity X . . . . . .Strength Properties X . . . . . .Compressibility X . . . . . .MineralogyGross Mineralogy . . . . . . XSo
46、il Thin Section X . . . . . .MicromorphologyD6169/D6169M 1333.2.15.1 DiscussionGroup C and D core samples are physically undisturbed.intact. Generally collection of undisturbedintact samples require use ofthin-wall or double-tube rotating core sampling devices, but as discussed in 6.2, thick-wall sa
47、mplers may be satisfactory for someobjectives.3.2.16 piston core samplera thin-wall or, less commonly, thick-wall sampling device in which the inner piston is held in afixed position and the cutting head and outer barrel is advanced mechanically or hydraulically into the soil. See(See 7.5)3.2.17 rep
48、resentative soil samplea soil sample from a known subsurface interval in which some structural features do notsurvive but other properties, such as moisture content, grain size and gradation and chemical characteristics of the sample intervalare preserved; suitable for mechanical and chemical analys
49、is for nonsensitive chemical constituents, and lithologic logging.(Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey, 1980). See (See discussion in 6.3) Adapted from U.S. Geological Survey, 19803.2.17.1 DiscussionThis definition follows general usage in the geologic profession, and differs from the definition of representative sample in thestatistical sense. The sample is only representative of the subsurface material encountered by the sampler and is not necessarilyrepresentative of the formation being sampled. Sample representativeness in the latter sense nee
