1、Designation: D6177 97 (Reapproved 2008)1D6177 14Standard Practice forDetermining Emission Profiles of Volatile OrganicChemicals Emitted from Bedding Sets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEEditorially changed reference cited in Footnote 4 in April 2008.1. Scope1.1 This p
3、ractice covers the procedures for estimating emission profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from bedding setswhen a new bedding set is first brought into a house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined from air concentratio
4、ns measured in environmental chambers.1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products arenew. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to sem
5、i-volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selection and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent samplingprocedures and analytical methods for emission testing, but does not include technical details on selection of appro
6、priate collectionmedia and analytical methods or on sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for estimating human exposures to VOCs.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurem
7、ent are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatinglimitati
8、ons prior to its use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD3687 Practice for Analysis of Organic Compound Vapors Collected by the Activated Charcoal Tube Adsorption MethodD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber Determi
9、nations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsD5157 Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality ModelsD5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehyde and Other Carbonyl Compounds inAir (Active Sampler Methodology)D5466 Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Che
10、micals in Atmospheres (Canister Sampling Methodology)D6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling, and Thermal Desorption Analysis Procedures for Volatile OrganicCompounds in AirD6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ProductsE355
11、 Practice for Gas Chromatography Terms and RelationshipsE1333 Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air and Emission Rates from Wood Products Using aLarge Chamber3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions and terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D1356.1 Thi
12、s practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved April 1, 2008Oct. 15, 2014. Published July 2008November 2014. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 200320
13、08 asD6177 - 97D6177 97 (2008)1(2003) DOI: 10.1520/D6177-97R08E01.10.1520/D6177-14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pag
14、e on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that u
15、sers consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms S
16、pecific to This Standard:3.2.1 air change rate, nthe volume of outdoor air that enters the indoor environment in one h,hour, divided by the volumeof the indoor space.3.2.2 bedding set, nan ensemble that includes a mattress for sleeping and a supporting box spring.3.2.3 emission profile, na timeserie
17、s of emission rates of one or more chemicals.3.2.4 nonvolatile organic chemical, nan organic compound with saturation vapor pressure less than 108 kPa at 25C.3.2.5 semi-volatile chemical, nan organic compound with saturation vapor pressure between 102 and 108 kPa at 25C.3.2.6 shorttermshort-term exp
18、osure, nan exposure of one week or less in duration.3.2.7 volatile organic chemical, nan organic compound with saturation vapor pressure greater than 102 kPa at 25C.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice describes procedures for determining VOC emission profiles of a bedding set using an environmen
19、tal chamber.4.2 These procedures includeThis practice includes procedures for selection and handling of samples, and conducting chamberemission tests (Research Triangle Institute, 1995)tests. . Details related to storage and transportation of samples are included inselection and handling. Procedures
20、 for conducting chamber tests include selection of test conditions and methods for collection andanalysis of air samples.4.3 The practice also describes procedures for estimating emission profiles from the chamber concentration data.5. Significance and Use5.1 The objective of this practice is to pro
21、vide procedures for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets. Theseprofiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated inhalationexposures ultimately can be used as an input to characterization of health risks from shortterm
22、 VOC exposures.5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing differentbedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on airborne concentrations.6. Facilities and Equipment6.1 A facility to determine product or material
23、 emissions from bedding sets requires use of a roomsize environmental testchamber, typically larger than 22.6 m3. Emissions from components of bedding sets can be characterized in small chambersranging in size from a few liters to 5 m3. Chamber testing also requires associated equipment such as a cl
24、eanair generation system,monitoring and control systems, and sample collection and analysis equipment (see Practice D6670, Guide D5116, and TestMethod E1333).7. Procedures for Sample Selection and Handling7.1 The procedures for sample selection and handling include sample selection, packaging for sh
25、ipping, and shipment andstorage.7.2 Select bedding sets to be tested directly from the production line. Volume of production can be considered as a criterion inselecting the type(s) of bedding set to be tested. Use a random number table to avoid biases in selection.7.3 The selected bedding set(s) sh
26、ould be wrapped using the manufacturers normal packaging materials and procedures.Further, to protect from damage during shipping, place the bedding sets in corrugated shipping containers.7.4 Upon receipt at the testing laboratory, remove the bedding from corrugated shipping containers, but do not r
27、emove themanufacturers normal packaging materials. Inspect for shipping damage and record the arrival condition. To isolate the beddingsets from the surrounding laboratory environment, place each bedding set wrapped in its normal packaging (manufacturersshipping bag) in a larger outer bag, which has
28、 an inert surface.7.5 Maintain a chain of custody record to note dates, times, and operations performed (such as storage and transportation) foreach bedding set.8. Procedures for Emissions Testing8.1 Volatile organic emissions from indoor sources such as bedding sets vary widely in the number of che
29、micals and the strengthof their emissions. To characterize emissions fully, the sample collection and analysis system must be capable of quantitativecollection and analysis of volatile, polar, and nonpolar compounds. The design and operation of sample collection and analysissystems must be appropria
30、te for the organic chemicals and their concentrations. Such systems include collection of samples usingcanister sampling methodology (Test Method D5466) or, more often, collection on solid adsorbent tubes (for example, PracticeD6196), and instruments to analyze organic emissions (for example, gas ch
31、romatographs, see Practice E355). Determination ofD6177 142formaldehyde and other aldehydes can be done by are performed using different methods (EPA Compendium, 1990).3,4 One ofthese methods (Test Method D5197), which collects air samples on 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)treated silica gelcartri
32、dges followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), is preferred because of better sensitivity.8.2 The remainder of this section describes certain air sampling procedures related to emissions testing of bedding sets andbriefly summarizes analytical methods. Technical details on selection
33、 of appropriate collection media and analytical methods, andon sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures, are provided in the references cited in 8.1.8.3 Screening Samples:8.3.1 The purpose of the screening samples is to identify volatile organic chemicals and their relative concen
34、trations, to aid inselecting sampling durations, collection media, and laboratory analysis methods for conducting emissions testing.8.3.2 Collect air samples from the manufacturers shipping bags using sampling lines connected directly to sampling devices.8.4 Background Samples:8.4.1 The following ty
35、pes of background samples are necessary:(1) background concentrations in the outer storage bag and the laboratory atmosphere, and(1) Background concentrations in the outer storage bag and the laboratory atmosphere, and(2) Background concentrations in the chamber prior to insertion of a bedding set f
36、or chamber testing.(2) background concentrations in the chamber prior to insertion of a bedding set for chamber testing.8.4.2 The background concentrations in the outer storage bag and the laboratory atmosphere are used to assess whether thereis contamination from the laboratory environment.8.4.3 A
37、chamber background sample is taken to quantify any contributions of organic compounds from the clean air system orthe empty chamber. Ideally, measured concentrations for such a sample should be at or below minimum detection limits. If not,the chamber background concentration can be used for correcti
38、ng the chamber concentrations measured when a bedding set isplaced in the chamber, as specified in 8.6.8.5 Chamber Conditions and Sampling Locations:8.5.1 The chamber air should be well mixed: a mixing fan should be used as necessary. The chamber temperature, humidity,and air change rate should be c
39、arefully controlled.At least one test should be done at the base conditions recommended as follows:8.5.1.1 the base condition for temperature is 23 6 0.5C,8.5.1.2 the base condition for humidity is 50 6 5 %, and8.5.1.3 the base condition for the air change rate is 1.0 6 0.1 h1. The air change rate c
40、an be reduced to 0.5 6 0.05 h1, butin that case the use of a mixing fan is especially recommended.8.5.2 In addition to the base chamber conditions, it may be useful to conduct the chamber testing at an elevated temperature(for example, near the human body temperature) to determine the effect of elev
41、ated temperature on emissions.8.5.3 A preferred location for collection of air samples is the outlet air stream from the chamber. Alternatively, multiplesampling locations within the chamber may be used.All sampling lines shall be made of inert materials, and the length of samplinglines should be mi
42、nimized to limit deposition of VOCs.8.6 Bedding Set Samples:8.6.1 Immediately prior to testing, remove the bedding set from the outer bag and the manufacturers packing bags and placethe bedding set in the center of the chamber. Place the box spring on a stainless steel mattress frame, and the mattre
43、ss over thebox spring.8.6.2 Collect a minimum of four samples for VOC and aldehyde analysis at 4, 8, 16, and 24 h after placing the bedding set inthe chamber. Although previous testing indicates that the peak concentration occurs around 4 h after the bedding set is placed inthe chamber (Research Tri
44、angle Institute, 1995),4 there may be some uncertainties in this early sample.8.7 Analysis of Samples:8.7.1 Analysis of volatile organic chemicalsVolatile organic chemicals collected on solid adsorbent tubes are thermallydesorbed (EPA Compendium, 1990)3,5 and separated by gas chromatography (GC) and
45、 measured by a mass spectrometric (MS)detector. For the samples collected in canisters, VOCs are concentrated by collection in a suitable cryogenically cooled oradsorbent trap, revolatilized by heating the trap and then determined by GCMS (see Test Method D5466). Identification ofunknown sample cons
46、tituents is conducted using electronic searches of mass spectral databases.8.7.2 Analysis of aldehydesDNPH/aldehyde derivatives on silica gel cartridges are extracted by eluting with acetonitrile andanalyzed by HPLC, using an ultraviolet absorption detector (see Test Method D5197).8.8 Quality Assura
47、nce/Quality ControlControl:3 “Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air,” 2nd Ed., 1999, US. Environmental Protection Agency/625/R-96/010b.Available from United States Environmental Protection Association (EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave, NW,
48、 Washington, DC 20460, http:/www.epa.gov.4 Research Triangle Institute, “Final ReportPerformance of Testing in Support of Research by the SPSC IndoorAir Quality Task Force,” RTI/5736/00-02RFR, ResearchTriangle Park, NC, September 1995.5 Guo, Z., “On Validation of Source and Sink Models: Problems and
49、 Possible Solutions,” Modeling of Indoor Air Quality and Exposure, ASTM STP 1205, ASTM, WestConshohocken, 1993, pp. 131144.D6177 1438.8.1 Chamber testing of volatile organic chemicals from bedding sets should be conducted within the framework of a qualityassurance project plan (QAPP). The QAPP should include data quality objectives and acceptance criteria, custody procedures,quality control checks, and quality assurance audits.8.8.2 The data quality objectives should be defined in terms of precision, bias, completeness, and representativenes
