1、Designation: D 6199 07Standard Practice forQuality of Wood Members of Containers and Pallets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the quality requirements for threeclasses of hardwood and soft-wood members, excluding man-made or fabricated wood
3、 composites, used in the constructionof boxes, crates, pallets, and blocking and bracing.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
4、any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of the regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D9 Terminology Relating to Wood and Wood-Bas
5、ed Prod-uctsD 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials2.2 MHIA/ANSI Standard:3MHIA/ANSI MH12005 Pallets, Slip Sheets, and OtherBases for Unit Loads3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral defin
6、itions for packaging and dis-tribution environments are found in Terminology D 996. Gen-eral definitions for wood are found in Terminology D9.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 brash, ndecay characteristic, which is the breakingof the grain without splintering.3.2.2 crate frame
7、 members, nthose parts which form thefundamental structure upon which the strength and rigidity ofcrates depend.3.2.3 diagonals, nframe members placed at angles ofnearly 45 to other frame members, to ensure the rigidity of thecrate.3.2.4 linderman joint, nglued dove-tailed joint betweentwo or more p
8、ieces of wood.3.2.5 longitudinal frame members, nhorizontal membersof the side, end, and top panels of crates.3.2.6 punk, ndecay characteristic, which is very dry,powdery, and crumbly wood.3.2.7 siftproofness, nthe prohibition of the migration ofmaterial, of any size, from the interior to the exteri
9、or of acontainer.3.2.8 struts, nvertical frame members placed between theupper and lower frame members of the side and end panels ofa crate that serve as columns for supporting vertical stackingloads.4. Significance and Use4.1 Each wood member contains a combination of charac-teristics which affects
10、 the performance of the container orpallet in which it is used. The requirements for classes, hereinspecified, have been established as these characteristics arerelated to the functional application of members in containerand pallet construction and to the service that the container orpallet may be
11、called upon to perform.4.2 Any other specified requirements or limitations peculiarto a particular container or pallet construction or use, such asprohibiting knotholes or loose knots to provide siftproofness,limitation to certain wood groups or species, or the selection ofapplicable classes for spe
12、cific members of or types of contain-ers or pallet shall be the responsibility of the standard for thatcontainer or pallet.5. Wood Member Classification5.1 Class 1Structural (highly stressed members).5.2 Class 2Structural (moderately stressed members).5.3 Class 3Non-structural (lightly stressed memb
13、ers).1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping Containers,Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originallyapproved in 1997. Las
14、t previous edition approved in 2005 as D 6199 97 (2005).2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Avai
15、lable from Material Handling Industry MH1 Secretariat, 8720 Red OakBlvd., Suite 201, Charlotte, NC 28217, http:/www.mhiastore.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6. Wood Characteristics6.1 Classification:6.1.1 GroupsF
16、or the purposes of this practice, NorthAmerican wood species are broken into four groupings. Thesegroupings are general in nature (Table 1) and do not include allspecies of wood. Woods used specifically in pallet constructionare listed in MHIA/ANSI MH12005 Appendix A31 accord-ing to similarities in
17、mechanical properties, regional availabil-ity, and commercial uses in pallets. Table X1.1 provides a crossreference between the wood groups used herein and thoselisted in MHIA/ANSI MH12005.6.1.1.1 Group IThis group embraces the softer woods ofboth the coniferous and the broad-leafed species. These w
18、oodsare relatively free from splitting in nailing, have moderatefastener withdrawal resistance, moderate strength as a beam,and moderate shock resisting capacity. They are soft, light inweight, easy to work, hold their shape well in manufacture, andare normally easy to dry.6.1.1.2 Group IIThis group
19、 consists of heavier coniferouswoods, only. These woods usually have a pronounced contrastin the hardness of the springwood and the summerwood. Theyhave a greater fastener withdrawal resistance than Group Iwoods, but are more likely to split, and the hard summerwoodbands occasionally deflect the nai
20、ls causing them to run out atthe sides of the piece.6.1.1.3 Group IIIThis group consists of hardwoods ofmedium density. These woods have about the same fastenerwithdrawal resistance and strength as a beam as the Group IIwoods, but are less likely to split and shatter under impacts.The species in thi
21、s group are the most useful for constructingbox ends and cleats. They also furnish most of the rotary-cutveneers for wirebound boxes and plywood panels for construc-tion of plywood boxes.6.1.1.4 Group IVThis group consists of the high densityhardwood species. They have both the greatest shock resist
22、ingcapacity and fastener withdrawal resistance, but because oftheir extreme hardness present difficulties with respect to thedriving of nails, plus the greatest tendency to split at the nails.They are the heaviest and hardest domestic woods and aredifficult to work. They are especially useful where
23、highfastener withdrawal resistance is required and many of themmake excellent rotary cut veneers for wirebound and plywoodboxes.6.1.2 SpeciesThe species of wood, in the four groups, thatmay be used for wood members of containers or pallets areclassified as indicated in Table 1 (see Appendix X1, Tabl
24、eX1.1, for groups specific to pallet construction). When it isstipulated that members shall be fabricated from a particularwood group, the species within that group may be mixedtogether or used interchangeably.6.2 SurfacesRough lumber is permitted in the construc-tion of the crate bases, sheathed-cr
25、ate framing, boxes, andpallets. For box and crate sheathing, at least one surface of allwood members will be sufficiently smooth to permit legiblemarking.6.3 Dimensional Requirements:6.3.1 When nominal sizes of lumber are specified, theminimum sizes shall be as shown in Table 2.6.3.2 When sizes of w
26、ood members other than the nominalscited in Table 2 are specified, undersizing in thickness andwidth shall not be permitted in more than 10 % of the numberof pieces. In addition, these parts shall be no thinner than78 ofthe stated thickness and no narrower than14 in. (6 mm) lessthan the stated width
27、. An exception to this requirement is thatif members of nailed-wood boxes38 in. (10 mm) or more inthickness are surfaced on both sides (to protect the contents)then the thickness may be132 in. (1 mm) less than stated.6.3.3 When nominal 2 in. (50 mm) thick lumber is resawn toobtain 1 in. (25 mm) nomi
28、nal thick members, the resultingminimum thickness shall be1116 in. (18 mm) for dry lumber;except that for Class 1 structural members, which shall be34in. (20 mm).6.4 Moisture ContentContainer and pallet members shallhave a moisture content (as measured by an electric typemoisture meter or by the ove
29、n drying method), at the time offabrication, of not greater than 19 % nor less than 9 % of theirovendry weight.6.4.1 Methods of Determination:6.4.1.1 Moisture MetersMeters measuring moisture con-tents ranging as high as 30 % shall be used to determinemoisture content of Group IV pallet members. Mete
30、rs measur-ing moisture contents as high as 25 % shall be used for all otherwood members. The accuracy of the meter used shall be 61%of true moisture content. Electric-type moisture meters may beeither the resistance type or radio frequency power loss typeexcept that only the resistance type may be u
31、sed on rough sawnTABLE 1 Wood GroupsGroup IAspen Basswood Buckeye Cedar ChestnutCottonwood Cypress Fir (true firs) Magnolia PineARedwood Spruce Willow Yellow poplar Red alderGroup IIDouglas fir Hemlock Southern yellow pine TamarackWestern larchGroup IIIAshBCalifornia black oak California mapleSoft E
32、lm Soft maple Sweetgum Sycamore TupeloGroup IVBeech Birch Hackberry Hard maple HickoryOak Pecan Rock elm White ashAExcept Southern yellow pine.BExcept White ash.D6199072lumber. In addition, readings using the resistance type metersshall be made only after the pins have penetrated to a depth ofone-fo
33、urth the thickness of the piece being tested.6.4.1.2 Oven-Drying MethodSamples shall be tested inaccordance with MethodAor B of Test Method D 4442, exceptthat no sample shall be less than 1 oz (2835 mg).6.5 Wood DefectsMembers shall be so selected and cut sothat allowable defects or imperfection wil
34、l not occur inpositions that would interfere with the prescribed fabrication orassembly of the container or pallet.6.5.1 DecayAny form of visible decay shall not bepermitted. Stains or discoloration, not associated with decay,will be acceptable, except for discoloration that would interferewith mark
35、ing on the outside of the container or the pallet.Decay shall be detected by use of the pick test. The pick test isperformed with a knife or chisel by lifting up some of the grainor fibers. If the material is softer, more punky, or more brashthan healthy wood of the same species, it is decay. Suspic
36、iousareas are usually abnormally brown, bleached looking, ormottled and indicated by the absence of luster that is present innormal wood.6.5.2 Checks, Splits, and ShakesChecks, splits, andshakes that are not longer than the width of the member will bepermitted. Checks that do not extend through the
37、full thicknessof the member are permitted.6.5.3 WarpThe bow in a member shall not exceed116 in.(2 mm) per foot (300 mm) of length. The cup in a member shallnot exceed14 in. (6 mm) in an 8 in. (200 mm) width,18 in. (3mm) in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportion in otherwidths. The twist in a m
38、ember shall not exceed14 in. (6 mm)per foot of length in an 8 in. (200 mm) width,18 in. (3 mm) perfoot of length in a 4 in. (100 mm) width, or a like proportionin other widths.6.5.4 KnotsSound knots, loose knots, knot holes, and knotclusters shall be measured and restricted as specified in TableTABL
39、E 2 Relationship of Nominal to Minimum Dimensions forDry LumbersThickness(Smaller Dimension)Width(Larger Dimension)Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)Nominalin. (mm)Minimumin. (mm)1 (25)34 (20) 2 (50) 112 (40)2 (50) 112 (40) 3 (75) 212 (65)3 (75) 212 (65) 4 (100) 312 (90)4 (100) 312 (90) 5 (125) 412 (115
40、)5 (125)12 (12) off 6 (150) 512 (140)and thicker 7 (175) 612 (165)8 (200)34 (20) offand widerNOTE 1The distance (a) is taken as the width when (b) is twice thewidth of the piece or less.FIG. 1 Knot Clusters and Tandem KnotsFIG. 2 Cross GrainD61990733. The sum of the width of the knots within a lengt
41、h equal tothe width of the member in which they occur shall not exceedthe maximum allowable width of a single knot for that piece(see Fig. 1).6.5.5 WaneWane shall not be permitted on any member.6.6 Cross GrainThe slope of the cross grain shall belimited in accordance with Table 3. The slope of the c
42、ross grainshall be measured by the angle between the general direction ofthe grain and the longitudinal axis of the member and shall beexpressed as a ratio. Slight local deviations of the grain shall bedisregarded.6.7 Combined GrainsWhen a member has both diagonaland spiral grain (see Fig. 2), the c
43、ombined damaging effectshall be taken into account. This effect can be computed bycombining the apparent slope of grain on the two adjacentfaces of the member. When each of the slopes are expressed asa ratio to 1, that is, 1 in 18 and 1 in 12, the combined slope isthe square root of the sum of the s
44、quares of the slopes(combined slope = square root of (118)2+(112)2 = 0.1000 or 1in 10). A convenient method of measuring the slope of crossgrain is by using a sharply pointed steel scribe (see Fig. 3). Thescribe should be drawn in the direction in which the grainseems to run. Apply enough pressure s
45、o that the point pen-etrates the wood slightly. Allow enough freedom of lateralmovement to permit the point to follow the grain.6.8 Built-Up Sheathing MembersMembers to be used forthe sheathing of sides, ends, tops, or bottoms of boxes or cratesmay be built up by joining pieces together at their edg
46、es usingone of the following methods: Linderman joint and glue; buttjoint and glue; or tongue and groove joint and glue. The glueshall be of a water-resistant type that will provide the desiredstrength characteristics as determined by testing, in accordancewith 6.8.1. In addition, the strength of th
47、e glued joint shall notbe weakened or compromised by the moisture content of thewood sample.6.8.1 Strength Test, see Fig. 4Fifteen samples shall be cutat random from each lot. The samples shall be 2 618 in. (506 3 mm) wide, parallel to the grain, by a length equal to thewidth (perpendicular to the g
48、rain) of the member being tested.Any sample that has visible splits, shakes, pitch pockets, orchecks across the entire width shall be discarded and replaced.Also the joint shall be located at least 258 in. (70 mm) from theedge of the test piece. The 15 samples shall be tested ascantilever beams. The
49、 length of the samples shall be placedperpendicular to the top edge of the vise. The size of the blockand the position of the cleat shall be such that the lever isparallel to the sample. The lever shall be a minimum of 30 in.(750 mm) in length. The sample shall be positioned verticallyso that the joint is 0.4 times the clear span above the top faceof the vise. A slow even pull shall be applied to the top of thelever until the sample fails in bending. The position of thebreak with respect to the joint shall be recorded.
