1、Designation: D 6393 99 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forBulk Solids Characterization by Carr Indices1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6393; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the apparatus and proceduresfor measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred toas C
3、arr Indices.21.2 This test method is suitable for free flowing and mod-erately cohesive powders and granular materials up to 2.0 mmin size. Materials must be able to pour through a 7.0 6 1.0-mmdiameter funnel outlet when in an aerated state.1.3 This method consists of eight measurements and twocalcu
4、lations to provide ten tests for Carr Indices. Each indi-vidual test or a combination of several tests can be used tocharacterize the properties of bulk solids. These ten tests are asfollows:1.3.1 Test AMeasurement of Carr Angle of Repose1.3.2 Test BMeasurement of Carr Angle of Fall1.3.3 Test CCalcu
5、lation of Carr Angle of Difference1.3.4 Test DMeasurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density1.3.5 Test EMeasurement of Carr Packed Bulk Density1.3.6 Test FCalculation of Carr Compressibility1.3.7 Test GMeasurement of Carr Cohesion1.3.8 Test HMeasurement of Carr Uniformity1.3.9 Test IMeasurement of Carr Angl
6、e of Spatula1.3.10 Test JMeasurement of Carr Dispersibility1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bi
7、lity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 Carr angle of difference, nthe difference betweenthe Carr angle of repose and Carr angle of fall.2.1.2 Carr angle of fall, nan angle of repose measuredfrom a powder heap to which a defi
8、ned vibration has beengiven.2.1.3 Carr angle of repose, na measurement from thepowder heap built up by dropping the material through avibrating sieve and funnel above a horizontal plate.2.1.4 Carr angle of spatula, na measurement by which aspatula is inserted into a powder heap parallel to the botto
9、mand then lifting it up and out of the material.2.1.5 Carr cohesion, na descriptive measure of interpar-ticle forces based on the behavior of the material duringsieving.2.1.6 Carr compressibility, na calculation made by usingCarr loose bulk density and Carr packed bulk density asdetermined in 5.8.2.
10、1.7 Carr dispersibility, na measurement by which apowder sample is dropped through a hollow cylinder above awatch glass and then the amount of powder collected by thewatch glass is measured.2.1.8 Carr dynamic bulk density, na calculated bulkdensity of a material. It is used to compute vibration time
11、 forthe Carr cohesion measurement.2.1.9 Carr loose bulk density, na measurement obtainedby sieving the sample through a vibrating chute to fill ameasuring cup.2.1.10 Carr packed bulk density, na measurement ob-tained by dropping a measuring cup, which is filled with thesample, a specific number of t
12、imes from the same height.Sometimes known as a tapped density.2.1.11 Carr uniformity, na measurement calculated fromthe particle size distribution of the powder as measured bysieving.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method provides measurements that can beused to describe the bulk properties of
13、a powder or granularmaterial.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.24 on Characterizationand Handling of Powders and Bulk Solids.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2006. Published April 2007. Originallyapp
14、roved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 639399.2Carr, R.L., “Evaluating Flow Properties of Solids,” Chemical Engineering,January 18, 1965, pp. 163168.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 The measurem
15、ents can be combined with practicalexperience to provide relative rankings of various forms ofbulk handling behavior of powders and granular materials fora specific application.4. Apparatus4.1 The main instrument includes a timer/counter (A), avibrating mechanism (B), an amplitude gage (C), a rheost
16、at(D), and a tapping device (E) (see Fig. 1).34.1.1 Timer/CounterThe timer is used to control theduration of vibration and the number of taps.Aminimum 180-stimer for 60 Hz power supply is required. Alternatively, acounter can be used to control the number of taps.4.1.2 Vibrating Mechanism, to delive
17、r vibration at 50 to 60Hz to the vibration plate at an amplitude of 0.0 to 3.0 mm.4.1.3 Amplitude Gage, mounted on the vibration plate tomeasure the amplitude of the vibration from 0.0 to 4.0 mm.4.1.4 RheostatA dial used to adjust the vibration ampli-tude of vibration plate from 0.0 to 3.0 mm.4.1.5
18、Tapping Device, consists of tap holder and tapping liftbar (tapping pin), which lifts and free-fall drops a measuringcup a stroke of 18.0 6 0.1 mm and a rate of 1.0 6 0.2 taps/s.4.2 The spatula assembly consists of a spatula blade (A), apan base/elevator stand (B), and a shocker (C) (see Fig. 2).4.2
19、.1 Spatula BladeA chrome-plated brass plate mountedon the blade receiver to retain powder while elevator standlowers the powder-filled pan. The dimensions of the spatulablade are 80 to 130 mm length, 22.0 6 0.3-mm width and 3.06 0.3-mm thick.4.2.2 ShockerA sliding bushing with a mass of 110.0 61.0 g
20、 at a drop height of 150.0 6 10.0 mm, measured from thelower edge of the bushing to the shocker base for themeasurement of angle of spatula. The total mass of the shockerassembly including the sliding bushing, pole, spatula blade,and blade receiver is 0.65 6 0.35 kg.4.3 A dispersibility measuring un
21、it consists of a container(A) with shutter cover (B), a cylindrical glass tube (C), and awatch glass (D), (see Fig. 3).4.3.1 ContainerA hopper unit with a shutter cover at thebottom to support a powder sample. The shutter cover openshorizontally to release the powder sample which then fallsthrough t
22、he glass tube onto the watch glass.4.3.2 Cylindrical Glass Tube, located vertically 170.0 610.0 mm under the shutter cover to confine the scattering/dispersed powder. The dimension of the tube is 100.065.0-mm diameter and 330.0 6 10.0-mm length.4.3.3 Watch Glass, centered 101.0 6 1.0 mm under thecyl
23、indrical glass tube to collect undispersed powder. The3Available from Hosokawa Micron International Inc., New York, NY.FIG. 1 Powder Characteristics Tester for Carr IndicesFIG. 2 Carr Spatula AssemblyFIG. 3 Carr Dispersibility Measuring UnitD 6393 99 (2006)2dimension of watch glass is 100.0 6 5.0-mm
24、 diameter and 2.06 0.1-mm thickness with the radius of curvature of 96.3 mm,concave upwards.4.4 Accessories:4.4.1 Spatula PanA stainless steel pan with at least a100.0-mm width, a 125.0-mm length, a 25.0 mm height, and a1.0-mm thickness, used to retain powder for the preparation ofthe measurement of
25、 Carr angle of spatula.4.4.2 ScoopA stainless steel container used to transportpowder.4.4.3 ScraperA chrome plated brass or stainless steelplate used to scrape off excess powder in the cup.4.4.4 CupA 100-cm3stainless steel cylindrical containerwith the inside dimensions of 50.5 6 0.1-mm diameter and
26、49.9 6 0.1-mm height used for Carr bulk density measure-ment. The wall thickness of the cup is 1.75 6 0.25 mm. Theinterior walls of the cup are sufficiently smooth that machiningmarks are not evident.4.4.5 Cup ExtensionA white Delriny4extension sleevefor the 100 cm3measuring cup, 55.0 6 0.1 mm in di
27、ameter by48.0 6 1.0 mm in height.4.4.6 Funnel for Angle of ReposeA glass funnel with 55angle bowls as measured from the horizontal, 7.0 6 1.0-mmbottom outlet diameter and outlet stem length 33.5 mm for themeasurement of Carr angle of repose.4.4.7 Stationary ChuteA stainless steel conical chute witht
28、he dimensions of 75.0-mm top diameter, 55.0-mm height, and50.0-mm bottom diameter to guide the powder flow into themeasuring cup (see 4.4.4).4.4.8 Vibration ChuteA stainless steel conical chute withthe dimensions of 75.0-mm top diameter, 55.0-mm height, and50.0-mm bottom diameter installed on the vi
29、bration plate toguide the powder flow to the stationary chute or cup extension.4.4.9 Sieves, certified 76.0-mm diameter stainless steelsieves with the opening of 710 m, 355 m, 250 m, 150 m,75 m, and 45 m.4.4.10 Sieve ExtensionA stainless steel extension pieceused as a spacer in the vibration unit wh
30、en only one sieve isused.4.4.11 Spacer RingA white Delriny spacer inserted be-tween sieve and vibration chute or glass funnel to protect themfrom damage.4.4.12 Sieve Holding BarA chrome-plated brass holdingbar used to hold sieve assembly on the vibration plate.4.4.13 Pan, with base for tapping devic
31、e, measuring cup,and shocker. A stainless steel pan, at least 210.0-mm length,150.0-mm width, 35.0-mm height, and 1.0-mm thickness,designed to accept tapping device, measuring cup and plat-form, as well as provide a stand base for shocker.4.4.14 PlatformA chrome-plated brass circular platformwith a
32、diameter of 80.0 6 0.3 mm and a height of 59.0 6 2.0mm to be used for the measurement of Carr angle of repose.4.4.15 ShockerA sliding bushing with a mass of 110.0 61.0 g at a drop height of 150.0 6 10.0 mm, measured from thelower edge of the bushing to the shocker base for themeasurement of Carr ang
33、le of fall. The total mass of theshocker, platform, and pan for the measurement of angle of fallis 1.35 6 0.25 kg.NOTE 1The pan has molded-in feet so it is slightly raised from thetable top. This helps make vibration more consistent.4.4.16 Brush, a laboratory brush for dust removal.4.4.17 Cover, for
34、 measuring dispersibility. A removableenclosure to confine the dust of sample powder when it fallsonto the watch glass for the measurement of Carr dispersibility.4.5 Balance, capable of measuring sample mass to anaccuracy of 6 0.01 g with a max of 2.0 kg.4.6 Data Acquisition EquipmentA microprocesso
35、r orcomputer may be used to guide the measuring operation,collect data, calculate data, and print test results.5. Procedure5.1 A representative powder sample from process streamshould be riffled carefully into portions for each individualmeasurement.5.2 All the measurements should be performed on a
36、strong,horizontally-leveled bench or work table. If possible, use aconcrete or stone-topped table.Test AMeasurement of Carr Angle of Repose5.3 Placement of Parts:5.3.1 Place the parts onto the vibration plate in the followingorder starting at the bottom:5.3.1.1 Glass funnel;5.3.1.2 Spacer ring;5.3.1
37、.3 Sieve with opening of 710 m;5.3.1.4 Sieve extension; and,5.3.1.5 Sieve holding bar.5.3.2 Fasten the vibration assembly with knob nuts locatedon both sides of sieve holding bar.5.3.3 Center the platform under the glass funnel.5.3.4 Position the stem end of the glass funnel 76.06 1.0mm above the pl
38、atform.5.3.5 Set desired vibration time on timer (usually 180 s on60 Hz vibrating frequency is selected).5.3.6 Pour 200 to 300 cm3of powder over the sieve usingthe scoop.5.3.7 Set vibration adjustment dial (Rheostat) to 0.5.3.8 Turn on the vibrating mechanism and timer.5.3.9 Gradually increase the a
39、mplitude of the vibration, nomore than 0.2 mm at a time, by incrementally turning thevibration adjustment dial until powder starts to flow out of theend of the glass funnel and builds up on the circular platformin a conical shape.5.3.10 Turn off the vibration mechanism when the powderstarts to fall
40、from the edge of the platform and the powder pileis completely formed.5.3.11 If a conical shape is not completely formed, removethe powder pile and repeat steps 5.3.6-5.3.10.5.3.12 After the cone has been built up, calculate an averageangle of the cone (from horizontal) in relation to the edge of th
41、eplatform by the equation below. This average angle is calledthe Carr angle of repose.Carr Angle of Repose 5 tan1H/R (1)4DelrinyD 6393 99 (2006)3where:H = Height of the powder pile, mm, andR = Radius of the circular platform, mm.5.3.13 Indicate the shape of the cone either Concave Up(A), Concave Dow
42、n (B), or Straight (C) (see Fig. 4)inthereport.5.3.14 If the cone is irregular in shape, repeat the test threetimes and obtain an average.5.3.15 If the powder has free-flowing characteristics or hascoarse particles larger than 710 m, the vibration and 710 msieve are not necessary. In this case, use
43、the scoop to slowlypour the powder through the funnel. Adjust the pouring rate sothat it takes 15 to 30 s to form the conical pile.Test BMeasurement of Carr Angle of Fall5.4 After determining the Carr Angle of Repose as in 5.3,place the shocker on the shocker base.5.5 Then raise the sliding bushing
44、carefully (so that the conewill not be disturbed) to the upper end of the pole (at a dropheight of 150.0 6 10.0 mm) and let it fall to give a shock to thepan. Repeat this three times. The powder layer will becollapsed and exhibit a smaller angle of repose.5.6 Wait for 30 s after the final shock and
45、then measure theangle as described in 5.3.12-5.3.14. This new, lower angle iscalled Carr angle of fall.Test CCalculation of Carr Angle of Difference5.7 Subtract the Carr angle of fall from the Carr angle ofrepose to obtain the Carr angle of difference.Test DMeasurement of Carr Loose Bulk Density5.8
46、Placement of Parts:5.8.1 Place the parts onto the vibration plate in the followingorder starting at the bottom:5.8.1.1 Vibration chute;5.8.1.2 Spacer ring;5.8.1.3 Sieve with opening of 710 m;5.8.1.4 Sieve extension; and,5.8.1.5 Sieve holding bar.5.8.2 Fasten the vibration assembly with knob nuts loc
47、atedon both sides of sieve holding bar.5.8.3 Support the stationary chute below the vibration chute.5.8.4 Place the pan directly under the stationary chute andposition the measuring cup in its base. Make sure the center ofthe measuring cup is in alignment below the center of thestationary chute and
48、the distance between them is 30.0 6 5.0mm.5.8.5 Use scoop to pour 200 to 300 cm3of the powder ontothe sieve.5.8.6 Set vibration time on timer (a normal vibration time isabout 30 s).5.8.7 Set vibration adjustment dial (rheostat) to 0.5.8.8 Turn on the vibrating mechanism and timer.5.8.9 Adjust the am
49、plitude of vibration to control thepowder flow rate so that the powder will fill the cup within 20to 30 s.5.8.10 When the cup is filled and overflowing, stop thevibration.5.8.11 Using the scraper, lift and scrape excess materialfrom the top of the cup as shown in Fig. 5. Remove smallquantities at a time, and continue the process until the materialis flush with the top of the cup. Do not exert a downward forcewith the scraper.5.8.12 Weigh the cup with powder.5.8.13 Subtract the empty cup mass from that of cup withpowder. The d
