1、Designation: D6433 11D6433 16Standard Practice forRoads and Parking Lots Pavement Condition IndexSurveys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6433; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the determination of roads and parking lots pavement condition through visual surveys using thePavement
3、Condition Index (PCI) method of quantifying pavement condition.1.2 The PCI for roads and parking lots was developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1, 2).2 It is further verified andadopted by DOD and APWA.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values give
4、n in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish
5、 appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:2.1.1 additional samplea sample unit inspected in addition to the
6、random sample units to include nonrepresentative sampleunits in the determination of the pavement condition. This includes very poor or excellent samples that are not typical of the sectionand sample units, which contain an unusual distress such as a utility cut. If a sample unit containing an unusu
7、al distress is chosenat random it should be counted as an additional sample unit and another random sample unit should be chosen. If every sampleunit is surveyed, then there are no additional sample units.2.1.2 asphalt concrete (AC) surfaceaggregate mixture with an asphalt cement binder. This term a
8、lso refers to surfacesconstructed of coal tars and natural tars for purposes of this practice.2.1.3 pavement brancha branch is an identifiable part of the pavement network that is a single entity and has a distinctfunction. For example, each roadway or parking area is a separate branch.2.1.4 pavemen
9、t condition index (PCI)a numerical rating of the pavement condition that ranges from 0 to 100 with 0 beingthe worst possible condition and 100 being the best possible condition.2.1.5 pavement condition ratinga verbal description of pavement condition as a function of the PCI value that varies from“f
10、ailed” to “excellent” as shown in Fig. 1.2.1.6 pavement distressexternal indicators of pavement deterioration caused by loading, environmental factors, constructiondeficiencies, or a combination thereof. Typical distresses are cracks, rutting, and weathering of the pavement surface. Distress typesan
11、d severity levels detailed in Appendix X1 forAC, and Appendix X2 for PCC pavements must be used to obtain an accurate PCIvalue.2.1.7 pavement sample unita subdivision of a pavement section that has a standard size range: 20 contiguous slabs (68 slabsif the total number of slabs in the section is not
12、 evenly divided by 20 or to accommodate specific field condition) for PCCpavement, and 2500 contiguous square feet, 6 1000 ft2 (225 6 90 m2), if the pavement is not evenly divided by 2500 or toaccommodate specific field condition, for AC pavement.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Com
13、mittee E17 on Vehicle - Pavement Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E17.42 on PavementManagement and Data Needs.Current edition approved June 1, 2011Nov. 1, 2016. Published July 2011November 2016. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20092011 asD6433 0
14、9.D6433 11. DOI: 10.1520/D6433-11.10.1520/D6433-16.2 The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the
15、previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright AST
16、M International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.1.8 pavement sectiona contiguous pavement area having uniform construction, maintenance, usage history, and condition.A section should have the same traffic volume and load intensity.2.1.9 portland
17、 cement concrete (PCC) pavementaggregate mixture with portland cement binder including nonreinforced andreinforced jointed pavement.2.1.10 random samplea sample unit of the pavement section selected for inspection by random sampling techniques, such asa random number table or systematic random proce
18、dure.3. Summary of Practice3.1 The pavement is divided into branches that are divided into sections. Each section is divided into sample units. The typeand severity of pavement distress is assessed by visual inspection of the pavement sample units. The quantity of the distress ismeasured as describe
19、d in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2. The distress data are used to calculate the PCI for each sample unit.The PCI of the pavement section is determined based on the PCI of the inspected sample units within the section.4. Significance and Use4.1 The PCI is a numerical indicator that rates the surface co
20、ndition of the pavement. The PCI provides a measure of the presentcondition of the pavement based on the distress observed on the surface of the pavement, which also indicates the structuralintegrity and surface operational condition (localized roughness and safety). The PCI cannot measure structura
21、l capacity nor doesit provide direct measurement of skid resistance or roughness. It provides an objective and rational basis for determiningmaintenance and repair needs and priorities. Continuous monitoring of the PCI is used to establish the rate of pavementdeterioration, which permits early ident
22、ification of major rehabilitation needs. The PCI provides feedback on pavementperformance for validation or improvement of current pavement design and maintenance procedures.5. Apparatus5.1 Data Sheets, or other field recording instruments that record at a minimum the following information: date, lo
23、cation, branch,section, sample unit size, slab number and size, distress types, severity levels, quantities, and names of surveyors. Example datasheets for AC and PCC pavements are shown in Figs. 2 and 3.5.2 Hand Odometer Wheel, that reads to the nearest 0.1 ft (30 mm).5.3 Straightedge or String Lin
24、e, (AC only), 10 ft (3 m).FIG. 1 Pavement Condition Index (PCI), Rating Scale, and Suggested ColorsD6433 162FIG. 2 Flexible Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample UnitD64331635.4 Scale, 12 in. (300 mm) that reads to 18 in. (3 mm) or better. Additional 12-in. (300 mm) ruler or straightedge i
25、s needed tomeasure faulting in PCC pavements.5.5 Layout Plan, for network to be inspected.6. Hazards6.1 Traffic is a hazard as inspectors may walk on the pavement to perform the condition survey.7. Sampling and Sample Units7.1 Identify branches of the pavement with different uses such as roadways an
26、d parking on the network layout plan.7.2 Divide each branch into sections based on the pavements design, construction history, traffic, and condition.7.3 Divide the pavement sections into sample units. If the pavement slabs in PCC have joint spacing greater than 25 ft (8 m)subdivide each slab into i
27、maginary slabs. The imaginary slabs all should be less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m) in length, and theimaginary joints dividing the slabs are assumed to be in perfect condition. This is needed because the deduct values developed forjointed concrete slabs are less than or equal to 25 ft (8 m).FIG. 3
28、Joint Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample UnitD6433 1647.4 Individual sample units to be inspected should be marked or identified in a manner to allow inspectors and quality controlpersonnel to easily locate them on the pavement surface. Paint marks along the edge and sketches with
29、 locations connected tophysical pavement features are acceptable. It is necessary to be able to accurately relocate the sample units to allow verificationof current distress data, to examine changes in condition with time of a particular sample unit, and to enable future inspectionsof the same sampl
30、e unit if desired.7.5 Select the sample units to be inspected. The number of sample units to be inspected may vary from the following: all ofthe sample units in the section, a number of sample units that provides a 95 % confidence level, or a lesser number.7.5.1 All sample units in the section may b
31、e inspected to determine the average PCI of the section. This is usually precludedfor routine management purposes by available manpower, funds, and time. Total sampling, however, is desirable for projectanalysis to help estimate maintenance and repair quantities.7.5.2 The minimum number of sample un
32、its (n) that must be surveyed within a given section to obtain a statistically adequateestimate (95 % confidence) of the PCI of the section is calculated using the following formula and rounding n to the next highestwhole number (see Eq 1).n 5Ns2/e2/4!N 21!1s2! (1)where:e = acceptable error in estim
33、ating the section PCI; commonly, e=65 PCI points;s = standard deviation of the PCI from one sample unit to another within the section. When performing the initial inspectionthe standard deviation is assumed to be ten for AC pavements and 15 for PCC pavements. This assumption should bechecked as desc
34、ribed below after PCI values are determined. For subsequent inspections, the standard deviation from thepreceding inspection should be used to determine n; and,N = total number of sample units in the section.7.5.2.1 If obtaining the 95 % confidence level is critical, the adequacy of the number of sa
35、mple units surveyed must beconfirmed. The number of sample units was estimated based on an assumed standard deviation. Calculate the actual standarddeviation (s) as follows (see Eq 2):s 5(ni51PCIi 2PCIs!2/n 21!1/2(2)where:PCIi = PCI of surveyed sample units i,PCIs = PCI of section (mean PCI of surve
36、yed sample units), andn = total number of sample units surveyed.7.5.2.2 Calculate the revised minimum number of sample units (Eq 1) to be surveyed using the calculated standard deviation(Eq 2). If the revised number of sample units to be surveyed is greater than the number of sample units already su
37、rveyed, selectand survey additional random sample units. These sample units should be spaced evenly across the section. Repeat the process ofchecking the revised number of sample units and surveying additional random sample units until the total number of sample unitssurveyed equals or exceeds the m
38、inimum required sample units (n) in Eq 1, using the actual total sample standard deviation.7.5.3 Once the number of sample units to be inspected has been determined, compute the spacing interval of the units usingsystematic random sampling. Samples are spaced equally throughout the section with the
39、first sample selected at random. Thespacing interval (i) of the units to be sampled is calculated by the following formula rounded to the next lowest whole number:i 5N/n (3)where:N = total number of sample units in the section, andn = number of sample units to be inspected.The first sample unit to b
40、e inspected is selected at random from sample units 1 through i. The sample units within a section thatare successive increments of the interval i after the first randomly selected unit also are inspected.7.6 Alessor sampling rate than the above mentioned 95 % confidence level can be used based on t
41、he condition survey objective.As an example, one agency uses the following table for selecting the number of sample units to be inspected for other than projectanalysis:Given Survey1 to 5 sample units 1 sample unit6 to 10 sample units 2 sample units11 to 15 sample units 3 sample units16 to 40 sample
42、 units 4 sample unitsover 40 sample units 10 %7.7 Additional sample units only are to be inspected when nonrepresentative distresses are observed as defined in 2.1.1. Thesesample units are selected by the user.D6433 1658. Inspection Procedure8.1 The definitions and guidelines for quantifying distres
43、ses for PCI determination are given in Appendix X1 forAC pavements.Using this test method, inspectors should identify distress types accurately 95 % of the time. Linear measurements should beconsidered accurate when they are within 10 % if remeasured, and area measurements should be considered accur
44、ate when theyare within 20 % if remeasured. Distress severities that one determines based on ride quality are considered subjective.8.2 Asphalt Concrete (AC) Surfaced PavementIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen. Sketch the sample unit, includingorientation. Record the branch and section num
45、ber and the number and type of the sample unit (random or additional). Record thesample unit size measured with the hand odometer. Conduct the distress inspection by walking over the sidewalk/shoulder of thesample unit being surveyed, measuring the quantity of each severity level of every distress t
46、ype present, and recording the data.Each distress must correspond in type and severity to that described in Appendix X1. The method of measurement is included witheach distress description. Repeat this procedure for each sample unit to be inspected. A copy of a Blank Flexible PavementCondition Surve
47、y Data Sheet for Sample Unit is included in Fig. 2.8.3 PCC PavementsIndividually inspect each sample unit chosen. Sketch the sample unit showing the location of the slabs.Record the sample unit size, branch and section number, and number and type of the sample unit (random or additional), thenumber
48、of slabs in the sample unit and the slab size measured with the hand odometer. Perform the inspection by walking overthe sidewalk/shoulder of the sample unit being surveyed and recording all distress existing in the slab along with their severitylevel. Each distress type and severity must correspond
49、 with that described in Appendix X2. Summarize the distress types, theirseverity levels and the number of slabs in the sample unit containing each type and severity level. Repeat this procedure for eachsample unit to be inspected. A copy of a Blank Jointed Rigid Pavement Condition Survey Data Sheet for Sample Unit is includedin Fig. 3.9. Calculation of PCI for Asphalt Concrete (AC) Pavement9.1 Add up the total quantity of each distress type at each severity level, and record them in the “Total Severities” section. Forexample, Fig. 4 shows five entries for
