1、Designation: D 6480 05Standard Test Method forWipe Sampling of Surfaces, Indirect Preparation, andAnalysis for Asbestos Structure Number Surface Loadingby Transmission Electron Microscopy1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6480; the number immediately following the designation ind
2、icates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure to i
3、dentify asbestosin samples wiped from surfaces and to provide an estimate ofthe concentration of asbestos reported as the number ofasbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface. Theprocedure outlined in this test method employs an indirectsample preparation technique. It is intended to disper
4、se aggre-gated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters,or matrices. However, as with all indirect sample preparationtechniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may notrepresent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. Morespecifically, the procedure described neither
5、 creates nor de-stroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of themineral fiber aggregates.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and proce-dures necessary for wipe sampling of surfaces for levels ofasbestos structures. The sample is collected onto a particle-freewipe material (wipe) f
6、rom the surface of a sampling area thatmay contain asbestos.1.2.1 The collection efficiency of this wipe sampling tech-nique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Propertiesinfluencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhe-siveness, and other factors.1.2.2 This test method is gene
7、rally applicable for an esti-mate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting fromapproximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre.1.3 Asbestos identification by transmission electron micros-copy (TEM) is based on morphology, electron diffraction (ED),and energy dispersive X-r
8、ay analysis (EDXA).1.4 This test method allows determination of the type(s) ofasbestos fibers present.1.4.1 This test method cannot always discriminate betweenindividual fibers of the asbestos and nonasbestos analogues ofthe same amphibole mineral.1.4.2 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of a
9、sbestosfibers that can be detected. However, in practice, the lowerlimit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers, that can be detected,is variable and dependent on individual microscopists. There-fore, a minimum length of 0.5 m has been defined as theshortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported re
10、sults.1.5 This test method does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this test method to establishappropriate safety and health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Refe
11、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 3670 Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias ofMethods of Committee D222.2 Government Standard:340 CFR 763, USEPA, Asbestos-Containing Materials inSchoo
12、ls: Final Rule and Notice,AppendixAto Sub-part E2.3 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Standards:3EPA600/4-83-043 Analytical Method for the Determinationof Asbestos in WaterEPA 747-R-95-001 USEPA, Residential Sampling for Lead:Protocols for Dust and Soil Sampling: Final Report3. Terminology3.1 Def
13、initionsFor definitions of general terms used inthis test method, refer to Terminology D 1356.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 amphibole asbestosamphibole in an asbestiformhabit (1).43.2.2 analytical sensitivitythe calculated asbestos struc-ture concentration in asbestos stru
14、ctures/square centimetre,1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 onSampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D22.07 on Sampling and Analysis of Asbestos.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyappr
15、oved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 6480 - 99.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
16、ebsite.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
17、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.equivalent to counting of one asbestos structure in the analysiscalculated using Eq 2.3.2.3 asbestosa collective term that describes a group ofnaturally occurring, inorganic, highly fibrous, silicate minerals,that are easily separated into long,
18、 thin, flexible, strong fiberswhen crushed or processed (1-3).3.2.3.1 DiscussionIncluded in the definition are the as-bestiform varieties of serpentine (chrysotile), riebeckite (cro-cidolite), grunerite (grunerite asbestos Amosite), anthophyl-lite (anthophyllite asbestos), tremolite (tremolite asbes
19、tos), andactinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibole mineral compo-sitions are defined in accordance with nomenclature of theInternational Mineralogical Association (3,4).Asbestos Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No.5Chrysotile 12001-29-5Crocidolite 12001-28-4Grunerite Asbestos Amosite 12172-
20、73-5Anthophyllite Asbestos 77536-67-5Tremolite Asbestos 77536-68-6Actinolite Asbestos 77536-66-43.2.4 asbestos structurea term applied to isolated fibers orto any connected or overlapping grouping of asbestos fibers orbundles, with or without other nonasbestos particles.3.2.5 aspect ratiothe length
21、to width ratio of a particle.3.2.6 bundlea structure composed of three or more fibersin a parallel arrangement with the fibers closer than one fiberdiameter to each other.3.2.7 camera lengththe equivalent projection length be-tween the specimen and its selection diffraction pattern, in theabsence of
22、 lens action.3.2.8 chrysotilea group of fibrous minerals of the serpen-tine group that have the nominal composition Mg3Si2O5(OH)4and have the crystal structure of either clinochrysotile, ortho-chrysotile, or parachrysotile. Most natural chrysotile deviateslittle from this nominal composition. Chryso
23、tile may be par-tially dehydrated or magnesium-leached both in nature and inbuilding materials. In some varieties of chrysotile, minorsubstitution of silicon by Al3+may occur. Chrysotile is themost prevalent type of asbestos.3.2.9 clustera structure with fibers in a random arrange-ment such that all
24、 fibers are intermixed and no single fiber isisolated from the group; groupings of fibers must have morethan two points touching.3.2.10 d-spacing or inter-planar spacingthe perpendicu-lar distance between identical adjacent and parallel planes ofatoms in a crystal.3.2.11 electron diffractiontechniqu
25、es in electron micros-copy that include selected area electron diffraction (SAED) andmicrodiffraction by which the crystal structure of a specimen isexamined.3.2.12 energy dispersive X-ray analysismeasurement ofthe energies and intensities of X-rays by use of a solid statedetector and multichannel a
26、nalyzer system.3.2.13 eucentricthe condition when the area of interest ofan object is placed on a tilting axis at the intersection of theelectron beam at that axis and is in the plane of focus.3.2.14 fiberan elongate particle with parallel or steppedsides. For the purposes of this test method, a fib
27、er is defined tohave an aspect ratio equal to or greater than 5:1 and a minimumlength of 0.5 m (see 40 CFR 763).3.2.15 fibrila single fiber, that cannot be further separatedlongitudinally into smaller components without losing itsfibrous properties or appearances.3.2.16 fibrous minerala mineral comp
28、osed of parallel,radiating, or interlaced aggregates of fibers from which thefibers are sometimes separable. That is, the crystalline aggre-gate may be referred to as fibrous even if it is not composed ofseparable fibers but has that distinct appearance. The termfibrous is used in a general mineralo
29、gical way to describeaggregates of grains that crystallize in a needle-like habit andappear to be composed of fibers. Fibrous has a much moregeneral meaning than asbestos. While it is correct that allasbestos minerals are fibrous, not all minerals having fibroushabits are asbestos.3.2.17 fibrous str
30、ucturea fiber, or connected grouping offibers, with or without other particles.3.2.18 field wipe blanka clean, unused, moistened wipefrom the same supply that is used for sampling. Field wipesshall be processed in the same manner used to collect fieldsamples with the exception that no surface is wip
31、ed. Each wipedesignated as a field wipe should be removed from the bulkpack, moistened, and folded in the same manner as the fieldsamples and placed in a sample container labeled as field wipe.3.2.19 filter blankan unused, unprocessed filter of thetype used for liquid filtration.3.2.20 filtration bl
32、anka filter prepared from 250 mL ofwater.3.2.21 habitthe characteristic crystal growth form orcombination of these forms of a mineral, including character-istic irregularities.3.2.22 indirect preparationa method in which a samplepasses through one or more intermediate steps prior to finalfiltration.
33、 The particles are removed from the original mediumand deposited on a second filter prior to analysis.3.2.23 limit of detectionthe limit of detection for a mea-surement by this test method is 2.99 multiplied by theanalytical sensitivity for the measurement.3.2.23.1 DiscussionThis limit of detection
34、is based on theassumption that the count resulting from potential filter con-tamination, sample preparation contamination, and other un-controllable background sources is no greater than 0.05 struc-tures per sample. At this time, however, this subcommittee hasno empirical data to confirm this rate.3
35、.2.24 matrixa structure in which one or more fibers, orfiber bundles that are touching, are attached to, or partiallyconcealed by, a single particle or connected group of nonfi-brous particles. The exposed fiber must meet the fiber defini-tion.3.2.25 process blankan unused wipe (that has not beentak
36、en into the field) processed in accordance with the entirepreparation and analytical procedure.3.2.26 replicate samplingone of several identical proce-dures or samples.5The nonasbestiform variations of the minerals indicated in 3.2.3.1 havedifferent Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) numbers.D64800523.
37、2.27 serpentinea group of common rock-forming min-erals having the nominal formula: Mg3Si2O5(OH)4. For furtherinformation see Ref. (4).3.2.28 structurea single fiber, fiber bundle, cluster, ormatrix.3.2.29 structure number concentrationconcentration ex-pressed in terms of asbestos structure number p
38、er unit ofsurface area.3.2.30 zone-axisthe crystallographic direction of a crystalthat is parallel to the intersecting edges of the crystal facesdefining the crystal zone.3.3 Symbols:eV = electron volth = hourJ = joulekV = kilovoltmin = minute(s)mL = millilitre (103litre)L = microlitre (106litre)mm
39、= millimetre (103metre)m = micrometre (106metre)nm = nanometre (109metre)s = second(s)W = wattPa = pascals3.4 Acronyms:DMF = dimethyl formamideED = electron diffractionEDXA = energy dispersive X-ray analysisFWHM = full width, half maximumHEPA = High Efficiency Particulate AirMCE = mixed cellulose es
40、ter and also refers to purecellulose nitrate filtersPC = polycarbonateTEM = transmission electron microscope4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Wiping a surface of known area with a wipe materialcollects a sample. The sample is transferred from the wipematerial to an aqueous suspension of known volume. Ali
41、quotsof the suspension are then filtered through a membrane filter.Asection of the membrane filter is prepared and transferred to aTEM grid, using the direct transfer method. The asbestiformstructures are identified, sized, and counted by TEM, using EDand EDXA at a magnification from 15 000 to 20 00
42、0 3.5. Significance and Use5.1 This wipe sampling and indirect analysis test method isused for the general testing of surfaces for asbestos. It is usedto assist in the evaluation of surfaces in buildings, such asceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, and soforth. This test method
43、 provides an index of the concentrationof asbestos structures per unit area sampled as derived from aquantitative measure of the number of asbestos structuresdetected during analysis.5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures ortechniques required for the evaluation of the safety or habit-a
44、bility of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, orcompliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes.It is the users responsibility to make these determinations.5.1.2 At present, a single direct relationship between asbes-tos sampled from a surface and potential human exposure
45、doesnot exist. Accordingly, the user should consider these data inrelationship to other available information (for example, airsampling data) in their evaluation.5.2 One or more large asbestos-containing particles dis-persed during sample preparation may result in large asbestossurface loading resul
46、ts in the TEM analyses of that sample. Itis, therefore, recommended that multiple replicate independentsamples be secured in the same area, and that a minimum ofthree such samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.6. Interferences6.1 The following materials have properties (that is, chemi-cal comp
47、osition or crystalline structure) that are very similar toasbestos minerals and may interfere with the analysis bycausing a false positive to be recorded during the test.Therefore, literature references for these materials shall bemaintained in the laboratory for comparison with asbestosminerals so
48、that they are not misidentified as asbestos minerals.6.1.1 Antigorite,6.1.2 Fibrous talc,6.1.3 Halloysite,6.1.4 Hornblende and other amphiboles,6.1.5 Palygorskite (attapulgite),6.1.6 Pyroxenes,6.1.7 Sepiolite, and6.1.8 Vermiculite scrolls.7. Apparatus7.1 Equipment and Materials for Sampling:7.1.1 Di
49、sposable Wet Towels.7.1.2 Masking Tape.7.1.3 Measuring Tape.7.1.4 Powderless, Rubber Gloves.7.1.5 Sample Container, clean, sealable, used for transport-ing the sample to the laboratory.7.1.6 Template to Delineate Sampling Area, a reusable ordisposable template of nonparticle-shedding material, such asaluminum, plastic, or nonshedding cardboard. A variety ofshapes (for example, square, rectangular) are acceptable. Alltemplates shall have accurately known inside dimensions.Templates should be thin (less than18 in. (3 mm) and capableof lying
