1、Designation: D 6500 00 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Method forDiameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers Using an OpticalFiber Diameter Analyser1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONInstruments based on image analysis have been designed to reduce the level of opera
3、tor skillrequired and to speed up the measurement process while concurrently maintaining acceptable levelsof precision and accuracy. An additional advantage of image analysis instruments is the ability of theoperator to see the measurement points and to audit the process, if required, though this is
4、 not carriedout during routine measurement. As with projection microscope measurements, and the Sirolan-Laserscan, the Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) system covered by this test method providesa count of readings grouped into diameter classes. Because the fiber snippets are measuredautomatic
5、ally by an optical and image processing system, controls are provided in the imageprocessing software to minimize the inclusion of multiple measurements on the same fiber and falsediameter readings that arise from non-fiber material.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure that uses an Optica
6、lFiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) for the determination of theaverage fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wooland other animal fibers in their various forms.NOTE 1This test method may also be applied to other fibers having around cross section such as some polyamides, polyesters, and gl
7、ass; it mayalso be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regeneratedcellulose-type fibers.NOTE 2In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”also signifies other animal fibers where applicable.NOTE 3For fineness specifications of wool, wool top, mohair, mohairtop, alpaca, and
8、 cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991, D 3992,D 2252, and Test Method D 2816, respectively.1.2 The OFDA reports average fiber diameter and standarddeviation of fiber diameter in micrometer units (m). Thecoefficient of variation of fiber diameter is reported as apercentage.1.3 This standard does
9、not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standa
10、rds:2D 123 Terminology Relating to TextilesD 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw WoolLaboratory ScaleD 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool FiberPresentD 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing TextilesD 2130 Test Method for Di
11、ameter of Wool and OtherAnimal Fibers by MicroprojectionD 2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of AlpacaD 2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content inCashmereD 3991 Specifications for Fineness of Wool or Mohair andAssignment of GradeD 3992 Specifications for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohai
12、rTop and Assignment of GradeD 4845 Terminology Relating to Wool2.2 Federal Standards:Official Standards of the United States for Grades ofWool, Section 31.031This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool
13、and Wool Felt.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2006. Published October 2006. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D 650000.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of AS
14、TMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Federal Register, Vol 30, No. 161, August 20, 1965, pp. 10829-10833.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Measurement Method f
15、or Determining Grade of Wool, Sec-tion 31.2043Official Standards of the United States for Grades of WoolTop, Section 31.14Measurement Method for Determining Grade of WoolTop, Section 31.3014USDA Grade Standards for Grease Mohair and MohairTop52.3 IWTO Standards:6IWTO-8-66 Method of Determining Wool
16、Fiber Diameterby the Projection MicroscopeIWTO-12-93 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution ofFibre Diameter Using a Sirolan-Laserscan Fibre DiameterAnalyserIWTO-19-98 Determination of Wool Base and VegetableMatter Base of Core Samples of Raw WoolIWTO-47-98 Measurement of the Mean and Distribution
17、 ofFibre Diameter of Wool Using an Optical Fibre DiameterAnalyser (OFDA)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of “wool” and other textileterms used in this test method, refer to Terminologies D 4845and D 123.3.1.1 average fiber diameter, nthe arithmetic mean widthof a group of fibers.3.1.1.1
18、DiscussionIn wool and other animal fibers, allanimal fibers, regardless of species, can be measured using theOFDA to determine average fiber diameter.3.1.2 grade, nin wool and mohair, a numerical designa-tion used in classification of fibers in their raw, semi-processed,and processed forms based on
19、average fiber diameter andvariation of fiber diameter.3.1.3 snippet, na wool or other animal fiber that has beencut to a specified length.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes procedures for samplingwool in various physical forms, the reduction of the sample tosmall test specimens,
20、 and measurement of the diameter of anumber of fibers from the test specimens using the OFDA.Snippets comprising a test specimen cut from the various formsof wool are cleaned where required, conditioned, and spreaduniformly over the surface of a microscope slide. A cover slideis placed over the spec
21、imen and the slide placed on amicroscope stage, that is moved under computer control. Theslide is stepped through the field of view of a low-powermicroscope objective. At each step, the video system isinstructed to capture and analyze a fiber image frame. Eachdiameter measurement is allocated to a d
22、iameter class and, atthe completion of the slide, the class contents are statisticallyanalysed to produce the mean and standard deviation of thefiber diameter for the specimen. Full distribution data are alsoavailable in the form of a printed histogram.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method spe
23、cifies sampling and testing proce-dures for the measurement of average fiber diameter andvariation in diameter of animal fibers.5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-tance testing of commercial shipments of wool and otheranimal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estima
24、tesof between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases ofdisagreement arising from differences in values reported bytwo or more laboratories when using this test method foracceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between thelaboratories should be determined with each comparison beingba
25、sed on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from onesample of material of the type being evaluated. Test MethodD 2130 shall be used as a referee test method.5.3 This test method may be used for determining compli-ance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation toassign grades when determi
26、ning conformance of shipments tomaterial specifications given in Specifications D 2252, D 3991,and D 3992, and Test Method D 2816.5.4 The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter andstandard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this testmethod and in IWTO Method 47-98 are in essential agree
27、ment.6. Apparatus, Materials, and Reagents6.1 Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser7, consisting of a trans-mission light microscope, fitted with a stage (motor-driven andcontrolled by a computer), stroboscopic illumination that issynchronised with the stage movement, and a CCD camera; animage acquisition
28、 and analysis hardware system; a means forcontrolling the interaction between the camera, stage motorsand illumination unit; a data acquisition and processing com-puter, with optionally, control and reporting software; and, avideo monitor, capable of displaying each image frame in realtime, for audi
29、t purposes. See Fig. 1.6.2 Glass Microscope Slides7, of float glass, sufficientlyrobust to withstand repeated handling having dimensions 70 by70 by 2 mm. Two identical slides are taped together so that onesupports the fiber samples with the other serving as a coverslide. Slides that are scratched on
30、 their inside surfaces areunsuitable as they may lend to erroneous measurements.6.3 Cleaning and Conditioning Apparatus and Facilities,suitable for cleaning and drying the subsamples in accordancewith Test Method D 584 and conditioning them as described inPractice D 1776.6.4 Apparatus for Snippet Pr
31、eparation, having either twoparallel cutting edges between 1.8 and 2.0 mm apart (forexample, guillotine7,8or snippeter9; see Figs. 2 and 3), or acutting diameter of between 1.9 and 2.1 mm (for example,4Federal Register, Vol 33, No. 248, December 21, 1968, pp. 19073-19076.5Federal Register, Vol 36, N
32、o. 129, July 3, 1971, pp. 12681-12658.6Available from the International Wool Textile Organization, International WoolSecretariat, Commercial Development Department, Valley Drive, Ilkley, YorkshireLS29, 8PB, England, UK.7Available from BSC Electronics Pty, Ltd., 1A Thurso Rd., Myaree, WesternAustrali
33、a, 6154.8Available from Symtech Systems and Technology, I-85 and Bryant Rd., POBox 2627, Spartanburg, SC 29304.9Available from CSIRO, Division of Wool Technology, PO Box 21, Belmont,VIC 3216, Australia.D 6500 00 (2006)2minicore7,10; see Fig. 4). A minicore consists of a cylindricalsample holder, des
34、igned for relatively large samples, in whicha sample is manually packed, then compressed, and a coringhead is driven pneumatically into the sample. The sample iscompacted by a spring-loaded platen. Six or more minicoretubes with 2-mm diameter tips pass through perforations in theplaten when the forc
35、e supplied by the pneumatic cylinderexceeds the force from the preloaded spring. At the end of thestroke, the cutting tips have penetrated to within 0.5 mm of the10Available from the South African Wool Testing Bureau, Gomery Ave.,Summerstrand, PO Box 1867, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa.FIG. 1 Th
36、e Optical Fiber Diameter AnalyserFIG. 2 Guillotine and SnippeterD 6500 00 (2006)3base of the sample holder. The sample collected by theminicore tubes is automatically expelled into a collectiondevice upon retraction of the coring head.6.5 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device11, comprised of a metalplate wit
37、h slot and compressing key and equipped with apropulsion mechanism by which the fiber bundle may beextruded for sectioning. The instrument is designed to hold asliver or top or equivalent bulk of fibers, yarn, or fabric (seeFig. 1 of Test Method D 2130). Alternatively, this instrumentcan be used to
38、generate the snippets.6.6 Safety Razor Blades, single-edge or double-edge (ifused with blade holder).6.7 Slide Preparer7capable of uniformly spreading a por-tion of the cleaned, conditioned snippet sample over thesurface of a clean glass slide at a predetermined, controlleddensity. For the OFDA, the
39、 optimum obscured areas, that is,the ratio of fiber to the total field area, is between 15 and 25 %.There are different versions of slide preparers (spreaders)available and it must be ensured that the same slide preparer isused for both calibration and routine OFDAmeasurements. SeeFig. 5.6.8 Box for
40、 Compressing Loose Fibers, 300 by 150 by 375mm deep, inside dimensions, equipped with a floating top thathas 16 randomly spaced holes 20 mm in diameter over its area.11Available from MICO Instruments, 1944 Main St., PO Box 451, MarshfieldHills, MA 02051-0451.FIG. 3 GuillotineFIG. 4 Minicoring Device
41、D 6500 00 (2006)4The sample may be firmly compressed by applying pressure onthe top. The top is held in place by two rods extending throughholes in the side of the box and over the top. The coring tubeis thrust through the holes in the top to sample the wool.6.9 Pressure Coring Tube, 13-mm inside-di
42、ameter metaltube, approximately 760 mm long, reamed and tapped on oneend to hold a sharp 10 or 13-mm cutting tip. The tube is fittedwith a “T” cross bar about 500 mm long.6.10 Core Extruder, 6-mm wood dowel or aluminum rodslightly longer than the coring tube to push the sample fromtube.6.11 Solvents
43、Petroleum spirit (boiling range 40 to 70C)and 1,1,1, trichloroethane. When the preparation method callsfor the cleaning of sliver subsamples, one of these two solventsshall be used. WarningBoth solvents have associated haz-ards in terms of volatility, toxicity, and, in the case ofpetroleum spirit, f
44、lammability. In both cases, care should betaken in storage, handling, use, and disposal in accordance withthe appropriate safety procedures. Refer to manufacturersmaterial safety data sheets (MSDS).6.12 Calibration StandardsUsed for instrument calibra-tion. For wool, use current Interwoollabs IH Sta
45、ndard Tops12and for mohair, use current International Mohair AssociationStandard Tops13.7. Sampling7.1 Loose FibersThe method of obtaining a representa-tive sample of wool differs according to circumstances. Thesampling procedures and major circumstances encountered areas follows:7.1.1 Lots of Packa
46、ged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured WoolTake core samples as directed in Practice D 1060. Clean orscour the raw wool sample as directed in Test Method D 584.If a representative portion of the scoured wool core sample12Available from Interwoollabs Secretariat, Boite 14 Rue de Luxembourg 19/21,1040 Brusse
47、ls, Belgium.13Available from International Mohair Association, Mohair House, 68 TheGrove, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, LS29 9PA, England, UK.FIG. 5 Slide SpreaderD 6500 00 (2006)5resulting from the test for clean wool fiber present is available,it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If coresamp
48、ling is not feasible, take at random, by hand, at least 50handfuls of wool from not less than 10 % of the packages. Theaggregate mass of the sample shall be at least 1.5 kg.7.1.2 Major SortFor packaged grease wool in fleece formfor which a diameter test is needed for only the major sort ofthe fleece
49、, hand sample by drawing one or more handfuls ofwool from the major sort portions of at least 50 fleeces takenat random from the lot. The aggregate mass of the sample shallbe at least 1.5 kg.7.1.3 Piles of Graded or Sorted WoolSample piles ofgraded or sorted wool by taking from random locations in thepile at least 50 handfuls of wool, the aggregate mass of whichshall be at least 1.5 kg. If the wool is in fleece form and a testis needed for only the major sort, take the sample as directed in7.1.2.7.1.4 Card SliverSample the wool card sliver by drawing10 600-mm
