1、Designation: D 6519 05Standard Practice forSampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically OperatedStationary Piston Sampler1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6519; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers a procedure for sampling of cohe-sive, organic, or fine-grained soils, or combination the
3、reof,using a thin-walled metal tube that is inserted into the soilformation by means of a hydraulically operated piston. It isused to collect relatively undisturbed soil samples suitable forlaboratory tests to determine structural and chemical propertiesfor geotechnical and environmental site charac
4、terizations.1.1.1 Guidance on preservation and transport of samples inaccordance with Practice D 4220 may apply. Samples forclassification may be preserved using procedures similar toClass A. In most cases, a thin-walled tube sample can beconsidered as Class B, C, or D. Refer to Guide D 6286 for use
5、of the hydraulically operated stationary piston soil sampler forenvironmental site characterization. This sampling method isoften used in conjunction with rotary drilling methods such asfluid rotary; Guide D 5783; and hollow stem augers, PracticeD 6151. Sampling data should be reported in the substa
6、nce login accordance with Guide D 5434.1.2 The hydraulically operated stationery piston sampler islimited to soils and unconsolidated materials that can bepenetrated with the available hydraulic pressure that can beapplied without exceeding the structural strength of the thin-walled tube. This stand
7、ard addresses typical hydraulic pistonsamplers used on land or shallow water in drill holes. Thestandard does not address specialized offshore samplers fordeep marine applications that may or may not be hydraulicallyoperated. This standard does not address operation of othertypes of mechanically adv
8、anced piston samplers.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all the safetyconcerns, if any, associated with its use and may involve use ofhazardous materials, equipment, and operations. It is theresponsibility of the user to establish and adopt appropriatesafety and health practices. Also, t
9、he user must comply withprevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (OccupationalHealth and Safety Administration) guidelines, while using thispractice. For good safety practice, consult applicable OSHAregulations and other safety guides on drilling.21.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound unit
10、s are tobe regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with thestandard.1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions
11、for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgement. Not all aspects of this practicemay be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard isnot intended to represent or replace the stand
12、ard of care bywhich the adequacy of a given professional service must bejudged, nor should this document be applied without consid-eration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Stan-dard” in the title means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process. This pract
13、icedoes not purport to comprehensively address all of the methodsand the issues associated with sampling of soil. Users shouldseek qualified professionals for decisions as to the properequipment and methods that would be most successful for theirsite investigation. Other methods may be available for
14、 drillingand sampling of soil, and qualified professionals should haveflexibility to exercise judgment as to possible alternatives notcovered in this practice. The practice is current at the time ofissue, but new alternative methods may become available priorto revisions, therefore, users should con
15、sult with manufacturersor producers prior to specifying program requirements.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards-Soil Classification:3D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils1This practice is under the jurisdiction
16、 of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.02 on Sampling andRelated Field Testing for Soil EvaluationCurrent edition approved July 1, 2005. Published August 2005. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D 651902.2Drillin
17、g Safety Guide, National DrillingAssn., 3008 MillwoodAve., Columbia,SC 29205.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page ont
18、he ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.(Visual-Manual Method)D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorationsof Soil and Rock2.2 ASTM Standards-Drilling Methods:D 5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rot
19、ary Drilling forGeoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation ofSubsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling withWater-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo-ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-QualityMonitoring DevicesD 5784 Guid
20、e for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoen-vironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsur-face Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD 6151 Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil SamplingD 6286 Selection of Drilling Methods for EnvironmentalSite Characterizatio
21、n2.3 ASTM StandardsSoil Sampling:D 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Construction PurposesD 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of SoilsD 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground WaterWells, Vadose Zone, Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, andOther Dev
22、ices for Environmental ActivitiesD 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamplesD 6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock SamplingDevices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations3. Terminology3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordancewith Terminology D 653 w
23、ith the addition of the following:3.1.1 incremental drilling and samplinginsertion methodwhere rotary drilling and sampling events are alternated forincremental sampling. Incremental drilling is often needed topenetrate harder or deeper formations.3.1.2 sample recoverythe length of material recovere
24、ddivided by the length of sampler advancement and stated as apercentage.3.1.3 sample intervalDefined zone within a subsurfacestrata from which a sample is gathered.3.1.4 soil corecylindrically shaped soil specimen recov-ered from a sampler.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 fri
25、ction clutcha device to lock the thin-walled tubehead to the outer barrel of the stationary piston sampler toprevent uncontrolled thin-walled tube rotation.3.2.2 hydraulically activated stationary piston samplerastationary piston sampler in which the thin-walled tube isforced over a fixed piston int
26、o the soil strata by hydraulic fluidpressure or pneumatic pressure. Also known as an “Osterberg”piston sampler, which was developed by Professor Jori Oster-berg of Northwestern University.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Hydraulic stationary piston sampling of soils consists ofadvancing a sampling device i
27、nto subsurface soils generallythrough a predrilled bore hole to the desired sampling depth.See Fig. 1 for a schematic drawing of the sampling process.The sampler is sealed by the stationary piston to prevent anyintrusion of formation material. At the desired depth, fluid orair is forced into the sam
28、pling barrel, above the inner samplerhead, forcing the thin-walled tube sampler over the piston intothe soil formation. The hydraulically operated stationary pistonsampler has a prescribed length of travel. At the termination ofthe sampler travel length the fluid flow is terminated. Thesample is all
29、owed to stabilize in the thin-walled tube. Thesample is then sheared by rotating the sampler. The sampler isretrieved from the borehole, and the thin-walled tube with thesample is removed from the sampler. The sample tube is thensealed properly or field-extruded as desired. The stationarypiston samp
30、ler is cleaned and a clean thin-walled tube in-stalled. The procedure is repeated for the next desired samplinginterval. Sampling can be continuous for full-depth boreholelogging or incremental for specific interval sampling.5. Significance and Use5.1 Hydraulically activated stationary piston sample
31、rs areused to gather soil samples for laboratory or field testing andanalysis for geologic investigations, soil chemical compositionstudies, and water quality investigations. The sampler issometimes used when attempts to recover unstable soils withthin-walled tubes, Practice D 1587, are unsuccessful
32、. Examplesof a few types of investigations in which hydraulic stationarypiston samplers may be used include building site foundationstudies containing soft sediments, highway and dam founda-tion investigations where softer soil formation need evaluation,wetland crossings utilizing floating structure
33、s, and hazardouswaste site investigations. Hydraulically activated stationarypiston samplers provide specimens necessary to determine thephysical and chemical composition of soils and, in certaincircumstances, contained pore fluids (see Guide D 6169).5.2 Hydraulically activated stationary piston sam
34、plers canprovide relatively undisturbed soil samples of soft or looseformation materials for testing to determine accurate informa-tion on the physical characteristics of that soil. Samples of softformation materials can be tested to determine numerous soilcharacteristics such as; soil stratigraphy,
35、 particle size, moisturecontent, permeability, sheer strength, compressibility, and soforth. The chemical composition of soft formation soils canalso be determined from the sample if provisions are made toensure that clean, decontaminated tools are used in the samplegathering procedure. Field-extrud
36、ed samples can be field-screened or laboratory-analyzed to determine the chemicalcomposition of soil and contained pore fluids. Using sealed orD6519052protected sampling tools, cased boreholes, and proper advance-ment techniques can help in the acquisition of good represen-tative samples. A general
37、knowledge of subsurface conditionsat the site is beneficial.5.3 The use of this practice may not be the correct methodfor investigations of softer formations in all cases. As with allsampling methods, subsurface conditions affect the perfor-mance of the sample gathering equipment and methods used.Fo
38、r example, research indicates that clean sands may undergovolume changes in the sampling process, due to drainage4. Thehydraulically activated stationary piston sampler is generallynot effective for cohesive formations with unconfined, und-rained shear strength in excess of 2.0 tons per square foot,
39、4Marcosion and Bieganovsky, “Liquefaction Potential of Dams casing or hollow stem augers to provide a stable borehole; apipe vise to secure the sampler for thin-walled tube removaland loading; wood blocks for reloading the thin-walled tubeinto the sampler barrel without damage to the cutting edge;ha
40、nd tools to remove and install the tube fasteners; and a brushwith buckets for cleaning the sampler.7.2.1 Rotary Drilling EquipmentDrills are required thatare capable of performing drilling functions in accordance withPractice D 6151 and Guide D 5783. Drill units generally offera ready hydraulic sys
41、tem for the retraction of samplers from thesampled formation and downward thrust for pushing thesampler through minimal amounts of borehole cave-in to reachdesired sampling depth as well as reactive weight to counteractthe thin-walled tube discharge pressure. Because most drillsare equipped with lev
42、eling jacks, better weight application isachieved. Vertical pushing is improved because of the ability tolevel the machine. Tool handling is facilitated by high-speedwinches common to drilling rigs, extended masts for long toolpulls, and sampler holding devices. Drill units are commonlyfitted with f
43、luid pumps that will provide the activation fluid.The unit must have a working pressure measurement gage inthe fluid discharge line positioned where it can be easily read.This gage will be the indicator of how the sampler isfunctioning as well as when the thin-walled tube has been fullyextruded.7.3
44、Activation FluidThe generally accepted activationfluid for using the hydraulically activated stationary pistonsampler is clean water. The sealing areas inside the samplerhave tight tolerances and as such cannot tolerate many physicalimpurities. The use of regular drilling water that is contami-nated
45、 with drill cuttings can impair the operation of the samplerand cause damage to the seal system. Water containing drillfluid additives can be used to activate the sampler. However,this fluid must also be free of foreign particles. In certain casesit may be advantageous to use drilling fluid additive
46、s such aswhen the injection of clean water may negatively affectborehole stability. When using bentonite-based drill additives,a fluid of 30 to 45-s marsh funnel viscosity (API RP13B.1Standard Procedure for Field Testing Water-Based DrillingFluids) will work adequately. However, the sampler will nee
47、dto be thoroughly cleaned after each use if drill fluid additiveborehole stabilization techniques are required. As the amountof drill fluid needed to activate the sampler is quite small, in therange from 5 to 10 gal depending on hole depth, the impact onborehole stability may be minor. When using ai
48、r as the drillfluid it will generally be clean as it has been processed throughthe compressor. Refer to Guide D 5782 for additional informa-tion on air drilling. The air entering the sampler may be heatedand will probably be quite dry. These conditions can affect theoperation of the sampler by incre
49、asing the friction at the pistonand piston rod seals.7.4 Sample HandlingTo protect the sample and retain it inits most natural state, the tube ends must be sealed and thesample immobilized in the tube. Expandable packers, correctlysized for tubes, work well. The tubes can also be cut smoothlyand plastic caps attached to the ends. If the tubes are not cut,sample trimming tools will be required to remove soil from theends for insertion of the packers. An alternative to packersmight be wax-coated wooden plugs that can be inserted andwaxed into contact with the sample ends.8. Co
