1、Designation: D6600 00 (Reapproved 2017)Standard Practice forEvaluating Test Sensitivity for Rubber Test Methods1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6600; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of
2、last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers testing to evaluate chemicalconstituents, chemical and physical properties of compoundingmaterial
3、s, and compounded and cured rubbers, which mayfrequently be conducted by one or more test methods. Whenmore than one test method is available, two questions arise:Which test method has the better (or best) response to ordiscrimination for the underlying fundamental property beingevaluated? and Which
4、 test method has the least error? Thesetwo characteristics collectively determine one type of technicalmerit of test methods that may be designated as test sensitivity.1.2 Although a comprehensive and detailed treatment, asgiven by this practice, is required for a full appreciation of testsensitivit
5、y, a simplified conceptual definition may be givenhere. Test sensitivity is the ratio of discrimination power for thefundamental property evaluated to the measurement error oruncertainty, expressed as a standard deviation. The greater thediscriminating power and the lower the test error, the better
6、isthe test sensitivity. Borrowing from the terminology inelectronics, this ratio has frequently been called the signal-to-noise ratio; the signal corresponding to the discriminationpower and the noise corresponding to the test measurementerror. Therefore, this practice describes how test sensitivity
7、,generically defined as the signal-to-noise ratio, may be evalu-ated for test methods used in the rubber manufacturingindustry, which measure typical physical and chemicalproperties, with exceptions as noted in 1.3.1.3 This practice does not address the topic of sensitivity forthreshold limits or mi
8、nimum detection limits (MDL) in suchapplications as (1) the effect of intentional variations ofcompounding materials on measured compound properties or(2) the evaluation of low or trace constituent levels. Minimumdetection limits are the subject of separate standards.1.4 This standard does not purpo
9、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The content of this practic
10、e is as follows:SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Practice 4Significance and Use 5Measurement Process 6Development of Test Sensitivity Concepts(Absolute and Relative Test Sensitivity, Limited and ExtendedRange Test Sensitivity, Uniform and Nonuniform Test Sensitivity)7Steps
11、 in Conducting a Test Sensitivity Evaluation Program 8Report for Test Sensitivity Evaluation 9Keywords 10Annex A1Background on: Use of Linear Regression Analysis andPrecision of Test Sensitivity EvaluationAppendix X1Two Examples of Relative Test Sensitivity Evaluation:Relative Test Sensitivity: Limi
12、ted RangeThree ProcessabilityTestsRelative Test Sensitivity: Extended RangeCompliance versusModulusAppendix X2Background on: Transformation of Scale andDerivation of Absolute Sensitivity for a Simple Analytical Test1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally rec
13、ognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4483 Practice for
14、Evaluating Precision for Test MethodStandards in the Rubber and Carbon Black ManufacturingIndustries3. Terminology3.1 A number of specialized terms or definitions are re-quired for this practice. They are defined in a systematic orsequential order from simple terms to complex terms; thesimple terms
15、may be used in the definition of the more complex1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D11 on Rubber andRubber-like Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D11.16 onApplication of Statistical Methods.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published December 201
16、7. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D6600 00 (2013).DOI: 10.1520/D6600-00R17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to th
17、e standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in t
18、he Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1terms. This approach generates the most succinct and unam-biguous definitions. Therefore, the definitions do not app
19、ear inthe usual alphabetical sequence.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 calibration material, CM,na material (or otherobject) selected to serve as a standard or benchmark referencematerial, with a fully documented FP reference value for a testmethod; the calibration material, along with several othersimilar mat
20、erials with documented or FPreference values, maybe used to calibrate a particular test method or may be used toevaluate test sensitivity.3.2.1.1 DiscussionA fully documented FP or FP referencevalue implies that an equally documented measured propertyvalue may be obtained from a MP = f (FP) relation
21、ship.However, unless f = 1, the numerical values for the MP and theFP are not equal for any CM.3.2.2 fundamental property, FP,nthe inherent or basicproperty (or constituent) that a test method is intended toevaluate.3.2.3 measured property, MP,nthe property that themeasuring instrument responds to;
22、it is related to the FP by afunctional relationship, MP = f (FP), that is known or that maybe readily evaluated by experiment.3.2.4 reference material, RM,na material (or other ob-ject) selected to serve as a common standard or benchmark forMP measurements for two or more test methods; the expectedm
23、easurement value for each of the test methods, designated asthe reference value, may be known (from other sources) or itmay be unknown.3.2.5 testing domain, nthe operational conditions underwhich a test is conducted; it includes description of the testsample or specimen preparation, the instrument(s
24、) used(calibration, adjustments, settings), the selected testtechnicians, and the surrounding environment.3.2.5.1 local testing, na testing domain comprised of onelocation or laboratory as typically used for quality control andinternal development or evaluation programs.3.2.5.2 global testing, na te
25、sting domain that encom-passes two or more locations or laboratories, domestic orinternational, typically used for producer-user testing, productacceptance, and interlaboratory test programs.3.2.6 Although a simplified conceptual definition of testsensitivity was given in the Scope, a more detailed
26、but stillgeneral definition using quantitative terms is helpful forpreliminary discussion.3.2.6.1 test sensitivity (generic),na derived quantity thatindicates the level of technical merit of a test method; it is theratio of the test discrimination power or signal, that is themagnitude of the change
27、in the MP for some unit change in therelated FP of interest, to the noise or standard deviation of theMP.3.2.6.2 DiscussionThis definition strictly applies to anabsolute sensitivity, see 7.2. The change in the FP may be anactual measurement unit or a selected FP difference. Therelation between the M
28、P and the FP is of the form MP = f (FP).4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice develops the necessary terminology andthe required concepts for defining and evaluating test sensitiv-ity for test methods. Sufficient background information ispresented to place the standard on a firm conceptual andmath
29、ematical foundation. This allows for its broad applicationacross both chemical and physical testing domains. The devel-opment of this practice draws heavily on the approach andtechniques as given in the referenced literature.3,44.2 After the introduction of some general definitions, abrief review of
30、 the measurement process is presented, suc-ceeded by a development of the basic test sensitivity concepts.This is followed by defining two test sensitivity classifications,absolute and relative test sensitivity and two categories, (1) fora limited measured property range and (2) for an extendedprope
31、rty range evaluation. For an extended property range foreither classification, two types of test sensitivity may exist, (1)uniform or equal sensitivity across a range of properties or (2)nonuniform sensitivity which depends on the value of themeasured properties across the selected range.4.3 Annex A
32、1 is an important part of this practice. Itpresents recommendations for using linear regression analysisfor test sensitivity evaluation and recommendations for evalu-ating the precision of test sensitivity.4.4 Appendix X1 is also an important adjunct to thispractice. It gives two examples of relativ
33、e test sensitivitycalculations: (1) for a limited range or spot check program and(2) for an extended range test sensitivity program with adependent (nonuniform) test sensitivity. Appendix X2 givesbackground on transformation of scale often needed for ex-tended range sensitivity and for improved unde
34、rstanding, italso gives the derivation of the absolute test sensitivity for asimple analytical chemical test.5. Significance and Use5.1 Testing is conducted to make technical decisions onmaterials, processes, and products. With the continued growthin the available test methods for evaluating scienti
35、fic andtechnical properties, a quantitative approach is needed to selecttest methods that have high (or highest) quality or technicalmerit. The procedures as defined in this practice may be usedfor this purpose to make testing as cost effective as possible.5.2 One index of test method technical meri
36、t and impliedsensitivity frequently used in the past has been test methodprecision. The precision is usually expressed as some multipleof the test measurement standard deviation for a defined testingdomain. Although precision is a required quantity for testsensitivity, it is an incomplete characteri
37、stic (only one half of3Mandel, J., and Stiehler, R.D., Journal of Research of National Bureau ofStandards, Vol 53, No. 3, September 1954. See also “Precision Measurement andCalibrationStatistical Concepts and Procedures,” Special Publication 300, Vol 1,National Bureau of Standards, 1969, pp. 179155)
38、. (The National Bureau ofStandards is now the National Institute for Standards and Technology.)4“The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data,” Chapters 13 and 14, J.Mandel, Interscience Publishers (John Wiley for every value of MP theremust be a unique single value for FP. The relationship must be
39、specific for any particular measuring process or test, and, ifthere are two different processes or tests for evaluating the FP,the relationship is generally different for each test.7. Development of Test Sensitivity Concepts7.1 Test DomainThe scope of any potential test sensitivityevaluation program
40、 should be established. Is the evaluation fora limited local testing situation, that is, one laboratory or testlocation? Or are the results to be applied on a global basisacross numerous domestic or worldwide laboratories or loca-tions? If local testing is the issue, the test measurements areconduct
41、ed in one laboratory or location. For global testing, aninterlaboratory test program (ITP) must be conducted. Two ormore replicate test sensitivity evaluations are conducted ineach participating laboratory and an overall or average testsensitivity is obtained across all laboratories. In the context
42、ofan ITP for global evaluation, each replicate sensitivity evalu-ation is defined as the entire set of operations that is requiredto calculate one estimated value for the test sensitivity. Foradditional background on the assessment of precision for thetest sensitivity values attained, see A1.2 and a
43、lso PracticeD4483.7.2 Test Sensitivity ClassificationThere are two classifica-tions for test sensitivity.7.2.1 Class 1 is absolute test sensitivity, or ATS, where theword absolute is used in the sense that the measured propertycan be related to the FP by a relationship that gives absolute ordirect v
44、alues for FP from a knowledge of the MP. In evaluatingtest sensitivity for this class, two or more CMs are used eachhaving documented values for the FP.7.2.2 Class 2 is relative test sensitivity, or RTS, where thetest sensitivity of Test Method 1 is compared to Test Method 2,on the basis of a ratio,
45、 using two or more RMs with differentMP values. This class is used for physical test methods whereno FPs can be evaluated.7.3 Absolute Test SensitivityIn this section absolute ordirect test sensitivity is defined in a simplified manner by theuse of Fig. 1.7.3.1 Development of Absolute Test Sensitivi
46、tyFig. 1 isconcerned with two types of properties: (1) an FP (or singlecriterion or constituent), the value of which is established bythe use of a CM and (2) an MP obtained by applying the testmethod to the CM. A relationship or functionality existsbetween the MP and FP that may be nonlinear. In the
47、application of a particular test, FP1corresponds to MP1andFP2corresponds to MP2. Over a selected region of therelationship, designed by points a and b, the slope, K, of theillustrated curve is approximated by the relationship K =(MP)/(FP). If the test measurement standard deviation forMP denoted as
48、SMP, is constant over this a to b range, theabsolute test sensitivity designated as Ais defined by Eq 1.A5?K ?/SMP(1)The equation indicates that for the selected region of interest,test sensitivity will increase with the increase of the numerical(absolute) value of the slope,|K|andsensitivity will i
49、ncreaseFIG. 1 Measured Versus Fundamental Property RelationshipD6600 00 (2017)3the more precise the MP measurement. Thus, Amay be usedas a criterion of technical merit to select one of a number of testmethods to measure the FP provided that a functionalrelationship, MP = f (FP), can be established for each testmethod.7.3.2 Absolute test sensitivity may not be uniform orconstant across a broad range of MPor FPvalues. It is constantacross a specified range, only if the direct (not transformed)MP versus FP relationship is linear and the test error SMPisconstan
