1、Designation: D6653/D6653M 01 (Reapproved 2010)1D6653/D6653M 13Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Effects of High Altitude on PackagingSystems by Vacuum Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6653/D6653M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of
2、 original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEUnits information was corrected editorially in March 2011.1. Sco
3、pe1.1 These test methods determine the effects of pressure differential when packaged products are transported via certain modesof transport, such as feeder aircraft or ground over high mountain passes. The results of these tests are intended to be used forqualitative purposes.1.2 The values stated
4、in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 Th
5、is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents
6、2.1 ASTM Standards:2D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution EnvironmentsD3078 Test Method for Determination of Leaks in Flexible Packaging by Bubble EmissionD4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and SystemsD4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packag
7、ing Components for TestingD4991 Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty Rigid Containers by Vacuum MethodD5094 Test Methods for Gross Leakage of Liquids from Containers with Threaded or Lug-Style ClosuresE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average fo
8、r a Characteristic of a Lot orProcess2.2 Other:Altitude-pressure tables based on the United States Standard Atmospheres33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms and definitions used in these test methods may be found in Terminology D996.3.2 Definition of Term:3.2.1 feeder aircraft, nsmall, potentially non
9、pressurized aircraft used to transport express air packages to remote areas.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containersand Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current e
10、dition approved Oct. 1, 2010Jan. 15, 2013. Published March 2011February 2013. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 asD6653 01D6653/D6653M 01 (Reapproved 2006).2010). DOI: 10.1520/D6653_D6653M-01R10E01.10.1520/D6653_D6653M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit th
11、eASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from http:/naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1936/naca-report-538/.This document is not an ASTM
12、standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all
13、cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and Use4.1 Packaged products transported via the feeder aircr
14、aft network are liable to experience altitudes as high as 5 791 m 19 000ft.4 When exposed to these high altitude conditions, products or packaging systems, or a combination thereof, may be affectednegatively by the resultant pressure differential.4.2 These test methods are suitable for evaluating th
15、e effect of high altitude on packaging systems.4.3 These test methods are suitable for package or product, or both, development and engineering.4.4 Other test methods, such as Test Methods D3078, D4991 and D5094, test for leakage of packaging systems by vacuummethod and are applicable for testing th
16、e effects of high altitude.5. Apparatus5.1 Vacuum ChamberAny suitable chamber capable of withstanding approximately one atmosphere pressure differential fittedwith a flat-vacuum-tight cover or equivalent chamber providing the same functional capabilities, such as an altitude chamber.5.2 Vacuum Gage,
17、 Inlet Tube from a Source of Vacuum and Outlet Tube to the Atmosphere, shall be sealed to the chamber. Theinlet and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand operated valves. The vacuum gauge shall be laboratory quality with a full-scalerange of 0 to 100 kPa 0 to 30 in. Hg with minimum graduation no
18、greater than 2 kPa 1 in. Hg and accuracy to within 2 %.5.3 The Chamber, shall be large enough to contain the test specimen, as well as allow for the expansion of the product orpackage, or both.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall be chosen to permit an adequate determination
19、 of representativeperformance (see Practice E122).6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least three representative specimens should be selected for performance evaluation.7. Test Specimen7.1 Atest specimen shall consist of an assembled packaging system, representative of a production run packa
20、ge, or componentsof an assembled packaging system, to include primary and/or secondary packaging.8. Conditioning8.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned to 5.6 6 2C 42 6 3.6F for a minimum of 24 h prior to testing.8.2 Test specimens shall be tested in and at conditions of 5.6 6 2C 42 6 3.6F.48.3 If c
21、onditioning prior to testing or during test is not possible, then it recommended to condition test specimen to a standardconditioning atmosphere of 23 6 2C 73.4 6 3.6F for a minimum of 24 h prior to testing (see Practice D4332)8.4 Conditioning specifications may be modified based on knowledge of shi
22、pping environment, product value, desired damagelevel acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1 for guidance).9. Procedure9.1 Place the test specimen in the vacuum chamber. Close the chamber inlet valve, open the outlet valve and turn the vacuumsource on so that the gauge rises at an approxima
23、te rate of 305 m 1 000 ft 30-60 s until the appropriate pressure is achieved.9.1.1 Attain a pressure equivalent to 4 877 m 16 000 ft 6 5 % for test specimens tested at condition specifications.49.1.2 Attain a pressure equivalent to 4 267 m 14 000 ft 6 5 % if testing the test specimens at the conditi
24、on specifications isnot possible (see 8.1, 8.3 and Table X1.1).9.1.3 The vacuum pressure may be modified based on knowledge of shipping environment, product value, desired damage levelacceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1 and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.2 Maintain the vacuum for 60 min. The
25、 test duration may be modified based on knowledge of shipping environment, productvalue, desired damage level acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1 and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.3 Partially open the chamber inlet valve and release the vacuum at a rate of approximately 305 m 1 000 ft per 3
26、0-60 s.9.4 Open the chambers cover and remove the test specimen and examine for any damage or deformation.59.5 Record the results of examination.4 Based on field testing analysis;Available fromASTM headquarters. Requestanalysis. See Singh, S. P., Singh, RR:D10-1013 onAltitude J., Stallings, J., Burg
27、ess, G., andSaha, K., “Measurement and Analysis of Temperature and Pressure in High Altitude Air Shipments,” and TemperatureStudyJournal of Packaging Technology and Science,of the Feeder Aircraft Network.Vol. 23, Issue 1, pp. 35 46, December 2009.5 Damage may be in the form of package failure, closu
28、re failure, material failure, product failure, or combination thereof.D6653/D6653M 13210. Interpretation of Results10.1 If a distribution packaging system was tested and the closure, shipping container, internal packaging and product are intactand free of damage, then the packaging system should be
29、reassembled for testing in accordance with an industry acceptedpackaged-product performance test, such as Practice D4169. This will help determine if the pressure differential had an affect onthe performance of the packaging system. It is recommended to test a new test specimen with the same package
30、d-productperformance test without the altitude conditioning for comparative purposes.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following information:11.1.1 A statement that the test was conducted in compliance with these test methods or a description of the deviations fromthese test methods.11.1.2
31、 Identification of the specimen and the specific material(s) tested with any pertinent material specifications.11.1.3 Description of the product, internal packaging, shipping container and closure system, where applicable.11.1.4 Identification of any change to the product, internal packaging, shippi
32、ng container and closure system.11.1.5 The temperature conditioning prior to testing.11.1.6 The vacuum, temperature and duration of the testing and temperature compensation factor used, if any.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made about either the precision or bias of these test methods si
33、nce the results merely state whether thereis conformance to the criteria for success specified in these procedures.13. Keywords13.1 air shipment; feeder aircraft; high altitude; packaging; vacuum testingAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. Altitude, Temperature and Duration Field Data4X1.1 Cargo
34、air jets typically are pressurized to approximately 2 438 m 8 000 ft. Temperature is maintained to approximately 20to 23C 68 to 74F.X1.2 Packages transported on ground may experience altitudes as high as 3 658 m 12 000 ft when shipped over certain mountainpasses, especially in Colorado. Temperature
35、extremes range from -15 to 30C 5 to 86F with average mean temperatures ofapproximately -4 to 18C 25 to 64F.X1.3 Nonpressurized feeder aircraft typically fly at approximately 3 962 m to 4 877 m 13 000 to 16 000 ft. The highest recordedaltitude in a nonpressurized feeder aircraft was 6 017 m 19 740 ft
36、. Temperature recordings ranged from approximately -4 to 24C25 to 75F.X2. Temperature and Pressure CorrelationX2.1 Both temperature and altitude affect pressure. Table X2.1 illustrates the effect of temperature and altitude on pressure.D6653/D6653M 133ASTM International takes no position respecting
37、the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard
38、 is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International H
39、eadquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This
40、standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), o
41、r serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE X1.1 Pressure Conversion TableAAltitude,mAltitude,ftTorr,mm Hg in. Hg kPa psi0 0 760.0 29.92 101.3 14.70305 1 0
42、00 732.9 28.85 97.7 14.0181 524 5 000 632.3 24.89 84.3 12.232 438 8 000 564.85 22.24 75.3 10.923 048 10 000 522.84 20.58 69.7 10.113 658 12 000 483.83 19.05 64.5 9.354 267 14 000 446.33 17.57 59.5 8.634 877 16 000 411.82 16.21 54.9 7.975 486 18 000 379.57 14.94 50.6 7.346 096 20 000 349.56 13.76 46.
43、6 6.767 925 26 000 270.05 10.63 36.0 5.229 144 30 000 225.6 8.88 30.1 4.3612 192 40 000 140.7 5.54 18.8 2.7215 240 50 000 87.3 3.44 11.6 1.69A kPa 0.1 = millibars.NoteIf using a vacuum kPa gage, you must subtract the desired kPa from101.3 to achieve the vacuum kPa. For example, 101.3 97.7 = 3.6 vacu
44、um kPa,equating into 305 m.TABLE X2.1 Temperature and Pressure CorrelationPressure (kPa)Altitude,(m)Atmos-phericData30F40F50F60F70F80F90F0 101.3 95.6 97.6 99.5 101.5 103.4 105.4 107.4305 97.7 92.9 94.8 96.7 98.6 100.5 102.4 104.31 524 84.3 82.4 84.1 85.8 87.5 89.1 90.8 92.52 438 75.3 75.2 76.8 78.3
45、79.8 81.4 82.9 84.43 048 69.7 70.7 72.1 73.5 75.0 76.4 77.9 79.33 658 64.5 66.4 67.7 69.1 70.4 71.8 73.1 74.54 267 59.5 62.2 63.4 64.7 66.0 67.2 68.5 69.84 877 54.9 58.2 59.4 60.6 61.8 63.0 64.2 65.45 486 50.6 54.5 55.6 56.7 57.8 59.0 60.1 61.26 096 46.6 51.0 52.0 53.1 54.1 55.2 56.2 57.37 925 36.0 41.4 42.2 43.1 43.9 44.8 45.6 46.49 144 30.1 35.8 36.5 37.2 38.0 38.7 39.4 40.212 192 18.8 23.6 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.515 240 11.7 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4D6653/D6653M 134
