1、Designation: D 6653 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forDetermining the Effects of High Altitude on PackagingSystems by Vacuum Method1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods determine the effects of pressuredifferential when packaged produc
3、ts are transported via certainmodes of transport, such as feeder aircraft or ground over highmountain passes. The results of these tests are intended to beused for qualitative purposes.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are provided f
4、orinformation only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to
5、use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 3078 Test Method for Determination of Leaks in FlexiblePackaging by Bubble EmissionD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning
6、 Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 4991 Test Method for Leakage Testing of Empty RigidContainers by Vacuum MethodD 5094 Test Methods for Gross Leakage of Liquids fromContainers with Threaded or Lug-Style ClosuresE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Sp
7、ecified Tolerable Error, the Average for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 Other:Altitude-pressure tables based on the United States Stan-dard Atmospheres33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerms and definitions used in these testmethods may be found in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definition of Term:3.2.1
8、feeder aircraft, nsmall, potentially nonpressurizedaircraft used to transport express air packages to remote areas.4. Significance and Use4.1 Packaged products transported via the feeder aircraftnetwork are liable to experience altitudes as high as 5 791 m(19 000 ft).4When exposed to these high alti
9、tude conditions,products or packaging systems, or a combination thereof, maybe affected negatively by the resultant pressure differential.4.2 These test methods are suitable for evaluating the effectof high altitude on packaging systems.4.3 These test methods are suitable for package or product,or b
10、oth, development and engineering.4.4 Other test methods, such as Test Methods D 3078,D 4991 and D 5094, test for leakage of packaging systems byvacuum method and are applicable for testing the effects ofhigh altitude.5. Apparatus5.1 Vacuum ChamberAny suitable chamber capable ofwithstanding approxima
11、tely one atmosphere pressure differen-tial fitted with a flat-vacuum-tight cover or equivalent chamberproviding the same functional capabilities, such as an altitudechamber.5.2 Vacuum Gage, Inlet Tube from a Source of Vacuum andOutlet Tube to the Atmosphere, shall be sealed to the chamber.The inlet
12、and outlet tubes shall be equipped with hand operatedvalves. The vacuum gauge shall be laboratory quality with a1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.23 on NaturalEnvironment Test Methods.Current edition
13、approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published November 2006 . Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6653 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informati
14、on, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from http:/naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1936/naca-report-538/.4Based on field testing analysis; Available from ASTM headquarters. RequestRR: D101013 on Altitude and TemperatureStudy of the Feeder AircraftNetwork.1Copyright
15、ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.full-scale range of 0 to 100 kPa (0 to 30 in. Hg) with minimumgraduation no greater than 2 kPa (1 in. Hg) and accuracy towithin 2 %.5.3 The Chamber, shall be large enough to contain the testspecim
16、en, as well as allow for the expansion of the product orpackage, or both.6. Sampling6.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall bechosen to permit an adequate determination of representativeperformance (see Practice E 122).6.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least threerepresentative
17、specimens should be selected for performanceevaluation.7. Test Specimen7.1 Atest specimen shall consist of an assembled packagingsystem, representative of a production run package, or compo-nents of an assembled packaging system, to include primaryand/or secondary packaging.8. Conditioning8.1 Test s
18、pecimens shall be conditioned to 5.6 6 2C (42 63.6F) for a minimum of 24 h prior to testing.8.2 Test specimens shall be tested in and at conditions of 5.66 2C (42 6 3.6F).48.3 If conditioning prior to testing or during test is notpossible, then it recommended to condition test specimen to astandard
19、conditioning atmosphere of 23 6 2C (73.4 6 3.6F)for a minimum of 24 h prior to testing (see Practice D 4332)8.4 Conditioning specifications may be modified based onknowledge of shipping environment, product value, desireddamage level acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1for guidance).9. Pr
20、ocedure9.1 Place the test specimen in the vacuum chamber. Closethe chamber inlet valve, open the outlet valve and turn thevacuum source on so that the gauge rises at an approximate rateof 305 m (1 000 ft) 30-60 s until the appropriate pressure isachieved.9.1.1 Attain a pressure equivalent to 4 877 m
21、 (16 000 ft) 65 % for test specimens tested at condition specifications.49.1.2 Attain a pressure equivalent to 4 267 m (14 000 ft) 65 % if testing the test specimens at the condition specificationsis not possible (see 8.1, 8.3 and Table X1.1).9.1.3 The vacuum pressure may be modified based onknowled
22、ge of shipping environment, product value, desireddamage level acceptances, or other criteria (see Appendix X1and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.2 Maintain the vacuum for 60 min. The test duration maybe modified based on knowledge of shipping environment,product value, desired damage level acceptances,
23、or othercriteria (see Appendix X1 and Table X2.1 for guidance).9.3 Partially open the chamber inlet valve and release thevacuum at a rate of approximately 305 m (1 000 ft) per 30-60s.9.4 Open the chambers cover and remove the test specimenand examine for any damage or deformation.59.5 Record the res
24、ults of examination.10. Interpretation of Results10.1 If a distribution packaging system was tested and theclosure, shipping container, internal packaging and product areintact and free of damage, then the packaging system should bereassembled for testing in accordance with an industry ac-cepted pac
25、kaged-product performance test, such as PracticeD 4169. This will help determine if the pressure differentialhad an affect on the performance of the packaging system. It isrecommended to test a new test specimen with the samepackaged-product performance test without the altitude condi-tioning for co
26、mparative purposes.11. Report11.1 The report shall include the following information:11.1.1 A statement that the test was conducted in compli-ance with these test methods or a description of the deviationsfrom these test methods.11.1.2 Identification of the specimen and the specific mate-rial(s) tes
27、ted with any pertinent material specifications.11.1.3 Description of the product, internal packaging, ship-ping container and closure system, where applicable.11.1.4 Identification of any change to the product, internalpackaging, shipping container and closure system.11.1.5 The temperature condition
28、ing prior to testing.11.1.6 The vacuum, temperature and duration of the testingand temperature compensation factor used, if any.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No statement is made about either the precision or biasof these test methods since the results merely state whetherthere is conformance to the cr
29、iteria for success specified inthese procedures.13. Keywords13.1 air shipment; feeder aircraft; high altitude; packaging;vacuum testing5Damage may be in the form of package failure, closure failure, material failure,product failure, or combination thereof.D 6653 01 (2006)2APPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Inf
30、ormation)X1. Altitude, Temperature and Duration Field Data4X1.1 Cargo air jets typically are pressurized to approxi-mately 2 438 m (8 000 ft). Temperature is maintained toapproximately 20 to 23C (68 to 74F).X1.2 Packages transported on ground may experiencealtitudes as high as 3 658 m (12 000 ft) wh
31、en shipped overcertain mountain passes, especially in Colorado. Temperatureextremes range from -15 to 30C (5 to 86F) with averagemean temperatures of approximately -4 to 18C (25 to 64F).X1.3 Nonpressurized feeder aircraft typically fly at ap-proximately 3 962 m to 4 877 m (13 000 to 16 000 ft). Theh
32、ighest recorded altitude in a nonpressurized feeder aircraftwas 6 017 m (19 740 ft). Temperature recordings ranged fromapproximately -4 to 24C (25 to 75F).TABLE X1.1 Pressure Conversion TableAAltitude,mAltitude,ftTorr,mm Hg in. Hg kPa psi0 0 760.0 29.92 101.3 14.70305 1 000 732.9 28.85 97.7 14.0181
33、524 5 000 632.3 24.89 84.3 12.232 438 8 000 564.85 22.24 75.3 10.923 048 10 000 522.84 20.58 69.7 10.113 658 12 000 483.83 19.05 64.5 9.354 267 14 000 446.33 17.57 59.5 8.634 877 16 000 411.82 16.21 54.9 7.975 486 18 000 379.57 14.94 50.6 7.346 096 20 000 349.56 13.76 46.6 6.767 925 26 000 270.05 10
34、.63 36.0 5.229 144 30 000 225.6 8.88 30.1 4.3612 192 40 000 140.7 5.54 18.8 2.7215 240 50 000 87.3 3.44 11.6 1.69AkPa 4 0.1 = millibars.NoteIf using a vacuum kPa gage, you must subtract the desired kPa from101.3 to achieve the vacuum kPa. For example, 101.3 97.7 = 3.6 vacuum kPa,equating into 305 m.
35、D 6653 01 (2006)3X2. Temperature and Pressure CorrelationX2.1 Both temperature and altitude affect pressure. TableX2.1 illustrates the effect of temperature and altitude onpressure.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item
36、mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commit
37、tee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a mee
38、ting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
39、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).
40、TABLE X2.1 Temperature and Pressure CorrelationPressure (kPa)Altitude, (m) Atmos-pheric Data30F40F50F60F70F80F90F0 101.3 95.6 97.6 99.5 101.5 103.4 105.4 107.4305 97.7 92.9 94.8 96.7 98.6 100.5 102.4 104.31 524 84.3 82.4 84.1 85.8 87.5 89.1 90.8 92.52 438 75.3 75.2 76.8 78.3 79.8 81.4 82.9 84.43 048
41、 69.7 70.7 72.1 73.5 75.0 76.4 77.9 79.33 658 64.5 66.4 67.7 69.1 70.4 71.8 73.1 74.54 267 59.5 62.2 63.4 64.7 66.0 67.2 68.5 69.84 877 54.9 58.2 59.4 60.6 61.8 63.0 64.2 65.45 486 50.6 54.5 55.6 56.7 57.8 59.0 60.1 61.26 096 46.6 51.0 52.0 53.1 54.1 55.2 56.2 57.37 925 36.0 41.4 42.2 43.1 43.9 44.8 45.6 46.49 144 30.1 35.8 36.5 37.2 38.0 38.7 39.4 40.212 192 18.8 23.6 24.1 24.6 25.1 25.6 26.0 26.515 240 11.7 14.6 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.8 16.1 16.4D 6653 01 (2006)4
