1、Designation: D 6699 01 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Practice forSampling Liquids Using Bailers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A nu
2、mber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sampling strati-fied or un-stratified waters and liquid waste using bailers.1.2 Three specific ba
3、ilers are discussed in this practice. Thebailers are the single and double check valve and differentialpressure.1.3 This standard does not cover all of the bailing devicesavailable to the user. The bailers chosen for this practice aretypical of those commercially available.1.4 This practice should b
4、e used in conjunction with GuideD 4687, Practice D 5088, and Practice D 5283.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determ
5、ine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water MonitoringWellsD 4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface LiquidLevels in a Borehole or Monitoring Wel
6、l (ObservationWell)D 5088 Practices for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD 5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Quality Assur-ance and Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD 5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
7、D 5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental DataRelated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD 6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD 6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Conta
8、minated Media Data Collection ActivitiesD 6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamplesD 6564 Guide for Field Filtration of Ground-Water SamplesD 6634 Guide for the Selection of Purging and SamplingDevices for Ground-Water Monitoring Wells2.2 EPA Standard:EPA SW 486 RCRA Samples3. Termino
9、logy3.1 See Terminology D 5681.4. Summary of Practice4.1 A clean bailer is lowered into the liquid to be sampledusing a suspension line (see Fig. 1). The bailer chamber is1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte
10、e D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D 6699-01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
11、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.FIG. 1 Bailer Sampling a Screened Well1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.allowed to fill with the sample. The
12、check valve or valves onbailers close when the bailer stops. The bailer is raised to thesurface where the sample is discharged into a clean sampleconfiner.5. Significance and Use5.1 A bailer is a device for obtaining a sample fromstratified or un-stratified waters and liquid wastes. The mostcommon u
13、se of a bailer is for sampling ground water fromsingle-screened wells (Fig. 1) and well clusters (see GuideD 4448).5.2 This practice is applicable to sampling water and liquidwastes. The sampling procedure will depend on sampling planand the data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D 5792).5.3 Baile
14、rs may be used to purge ground water wells prior tosampling, but bailers are poor devices for removing largevolumes of water.5.4 Bailers may be used to sample waters and liquid wastesin underground and above ground tanks and surface impound-ments. However, the design of the unit and associated pipin
15、gshould be well understood so that the bailer can access thedesired compartment and depth. Any stratification of the liquidshould be identified prior to sampling.NOTE 1Viscous liquids and suspended solids may interfere with abailers designed operation.5.5 Bailers do not subject the sample to pressur
16、e extremes.Bailing does disturb the water column and may cause changesto the parameters to be measured (for example, turbidity, gases,etc.).6. Sampling Equipment6.1 Bailers are versatile devices constructed in differentsizes and from a variety of materials. Some bailers aredesigned using a threaded
17、section that allows the user tochange the volume of the bailer by connecting additionalsections. When sampling for volatile organic compounds(VOCs) in liquids, specialized bailers that have a samplecontrol or a draft valve near the bottom of the bailer are used.The control valve allows a sample to b
18、e drained from the bailerwith minimal loss of volatile compounds.6.2 Three general types of bailers are a single check valvebailer, a double check valve bailer, and a differential pressurebailer (hydrostatic pressure allows the bailer to fill through thelower tube and release displaced air through t
19、he upper tube).Advantages and limitations of bailers are found in GuidesD 6232 and D 6634. A description of the equipment and theadvantages and limitations of bailers in general and specificlimitations of the single and double check valve bailers and thedifferential pressure bailer are as follows:6.
20、2.1 General Description and Advantages and Limitationsof Bailers:6.2.1.1 Bailers are available commercially in differentlengths, volumes, and check valve density and sample releasearrangements. They are typically constructed of PTFE, poly-vinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and polyethylene (sing
21、leuse disposable bailer).6.2.1.2 General advantages and limitations of bailers arelisted in Table 1.6.2.2 Single Valve Bailer (Fig. 2):6.2.2.1 Asingle check valve bailer is a length of tubing witha check valve in the bottom. The bottom valve allows the bailerto fill and retain the sample.6.2.2.2 The
22、 bottom-emptying bailers with controlled flowvalves (Fig. 3) are used for collecting samples for volatileorganic analyses.6.2.2.3 AdvantagesLow initial cost, and it is mechani-cally simple.6.2.2.4 LimitationsApplicable to surface sampling only,disturbs the sample, and exposes the samples to the atmo
23、-sphere.6.2.3 Double Valve Bailers (Fig. 4):6.2.3.1 A double check valve bailer has an additional checkvalve at the top of the body that allows sampling at a specificdepth. As the bailer is lowered through the liquid column, theliquid flows through the bailer until the sampling level isreached. At t
24、he sampling point, the two check valves close tocontain the sample. Because the difference between each balland check valve seat is the same, both check valves closesimultaneously upon retrieval. The valve from the valve seat ismaintained by a pin that blocks vertical movement of the checkball. A dr
25、ainage pin is placed into the bottom of the bailer todrain the sample directly into a sample bottle.6.2.3.2 AdvantageIt can sample at any point in a liquidcolumn.6.2.3.3 LimitationIt can become contaminated with theoverlaying material as the sampler approaches the targetedsampling point.6.2.4 Differ
26、ential Pressure Bailer (Fig. 5):6.2.4.1 The differential pressure bailer is a canister with twosmall diameter tubes of different heights built into the remov-able top. It is usually made from stainless steel to providesufficient weight to allow it to be lowered rapidly to the desiredsampling depth.
27、Once the bailer is stopped, hydrostatic pres-sure allows the bailer to fill through the lower tube at the sametime as air is displaced through the upper tube.6.2.4.2 AdvantagesThere is a minimal cross contamina-tion from the matrix so samples are more likely to berepresentative at depth. They are go
28、od for sampling for VOCsbecause they minimize contact with air.6.2.4.3 LimitationsDifficulty of cleaning the equipment,high cost due to the complexity of the device, relative smallsample size compared to other bailers, the required rapidlowering of the bailer may disturb the sample matrix, and cross
29、contamination from potential leakage of the upper liquid layersinto the bailer during descent.TABLE 1 General Advantages and Limitations of BailersAdvantages LimitationsSimple to use Time consuming to useSome have a low initial cost Valves may leakCan be made almost any size Tend to expose sample to
30、 theatmosphereCan be constructed of a varietyof materialsMay result in samplecontaminationNo external power sourceneededBailers are not suitable forsampling thin surface layerslike thin layers of light non-aqueous phase liquidsD 6699 01 (2006)26.3 Figs. 6 and 3 show devices used to drain samples fro
31、mthe bailers. These devices are hollow tubes pushed into thebottom of the bailer raising the check valve and allowing thesample to drain into the sample container. The device in Fig. 6regulates sample flow by controlling how high the check valveis raised. The Fig. 3 emptying device controls sample f
32、lowusing a separate valve.7. Pre-Sampling7.1 A sampling plan must be in place.7.2 The depth at which the sample is taken must be known.The depth is measured from a reference point (datum) on a wellcasing, tank sampling port or manhole, stream gage or othermeasuring device for rivers and ponds. Whene
33、ver possible, thereference point should be surveyed.7.3 The distance from the reference point to the top of theliquid should be measured and recorded. If there is an interfaceto be sampled, the top and bottom of the interface needs to bedetermined. Test Method D 4750 is a good reference fordetermini
34、ng the interface levels.7.4 The sampling plan should consider special samplehandling like preservation (see Guide D 6517 for preservationof ground-water samples and SW 846 for RCRA samples),filtration, if required (see Guide D 6564 for field filtration ofground-water), and field compositing (see Gui
35、de D 6051).7.5 A pail or other suitable container can be used forstorage, payout, and retrieval of the suspension line.FIG. 2 Single Valve BailerFIG. 3 Bailer Emptying DeviceFIG. 4 Double Valve BailerFIG. 5 Differential Pressure BailerD 6699 01 (2006)37.6 Confirm that adequate sample labels, securit
36、y seals,appropriate storage containers, field logbooks, ice if required,chain-of-custody forms, and the like, are available.8. General Procedure for Using Bailers8.1 The sampler and suspension line is to be clean and freefrom other contaminating materials that could be carried intothe hole.8.2 The s
37、uspension line should be measured and marked tothe depth required for the desired sample. The measurement tothe point where the sample is taken must be from the referencepoint.NOTE 2It is extremely important to secure the end of the suspensionline to a fixed object prior to lowering the bailer into
38、a well or unit so thatit may not be accidentally lost during the sampling event.8.3 A clean pail or other clean container should be used tocontain the suspension line during the lowering and retrievalprocess.8.4 The surface around the sampling site should be clean aspossible.NOTE 3A polyethylene she
39、et can be an effective method to protectboth the sampling equipment and the area surrounding the well fromcontamination from sampling spills.8.5 The bailer is attached to the suspension line and loweredinto the liquid to be sampled.8.6 The bailer is raised to the surface, the outside wiped, andits c
40、ontents emptied into labeled sample containers and stored.NOTE 4It is advisable to use a disposable wipe or equivalent to cleanthe suspension line and bailer during the retrieval process when samplinga material known to be hazardous.9. Bailer Procedures by Type9.1 Single Check Valve Bailer (Top-Empt
41、ying and Bottom-Emptying) Procedure:9.1.1 Attach the suspension line to a clean bailer and gentlylower the bailer to the desired depth usually just below thesurface. The sample will enter the chamber through the bottomupon reaching the sampling surface.9.1.1.1 The lowering rate should minimize distu
42、rbance tothe medium to be sampled.9.1.1.2 The check ball will seat when the bailer stops itsdownward movement and will remain closed as long as thereis no downward movement during retrieval.9.1.2 Retrieval of the bailer must be slow and continuous.9.1.2.1 As the bailer is being retrieved, the suspen
43、sion lineis wiped.9.1.3 The outside of the bailer is wiped.9.1.4 Transfer the bailer contents into a clean labeledsample container by pouring the contents slowly from the topof the bailer or from the bottom using bailer emptying devicessuch as those found in Figs. 6 and 3.NOTE 5If the bailer being e
44、mptied from the top, rapid emptying maycause the check valve to accidentally release, spilling the contents.9.1.4.1 Bottom-emptying bailers using controlled flowvalves are used to collect samples for volatile organic analyses(VOA). The sample is discharged from the bottom through acontrolled flow va
45、lve into the VOA vial.9.2 Double Check Valve Procedure:9.2.1 Attach the suspension line to the bailer.9.2.2 Lower the bailer to the predetermined sampling depthat a steady rate that will minimize the disturbance to the liquidto be sampled.9.2.3 Slowly and continuously raise the bailer, cleaning thes
46、uspension line as it is being retrieved.9.2.4 The outside of the bailer is wiped.9.2.5 Insert the vacuum release pin (see Fig. 4) and attachthe bottom emptying device or drainage pin. Discharge thesample into a labeled sample container.9.3 Differential Pressure Bailer Procedure:9.3.1 The suspension
47、line is attached to the bailer and thebailer is allowed to sink quickly to the desired depth.9.3.2 The bailer should remain at depth until it is filled.NOTE 6The length of time to fill depends upon the sample matrix(usually less than a minute).9.3.3 Retrieve the bailer while wiping the suspension li
48、ne.9.3.4 The outside of the bailer is wiped.9.3.5 Empty the contents into a clean sample container.10. Post Sampling10.1 Check the following: sample bottles for the correctlabeling, chain-of-custody for completeness. If required,sample container for adequate cooling and completeness of thefield logs
49、 (see Practice D 5283).10.2 Decontaminate the equipment in accordance with Prac-tice D 5088.NOTE 7The differential pressure bailer requires additional care toensure that all parts of the device, including the air escape and sampleentry tubes, are clean.10.3 Dispose of non-reusable equipment properly.11. Keywords11.1 bailer; ground water; liquid sampling; sampling wasteFIG. 6 Bailer Emptying DeviceD 6699 01 (2006)4ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of th
