1、Designation: D6759 16Standard Practice forSampling Liquids Using Grab and Discrete Depth Samplers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6759; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and proceduresfor collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whoseupper surface can
3、 be accessed by the suitable device. Thesedevices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriatelysized and located sampling port.1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages andlimitations of the following commonly used equipment, someof which can be used for both grab and discret
4、e depthsampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler,Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler,liquid profiler, peristaltic pump, and the Syringe sampler.1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of thesesamplers.1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices forc
5、ollecting ground water.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior
6、 to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4687 Guide for General Planning of Waste SamplingD4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field EquipmentUsed at Waste SitesD5283 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Managem
7、ent Activities: Quality Assuranceand Quality Control Planning and ImplementationD5358 Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond SamplerD5612 Guide for Quality Planning and Field Implementa-tion of a Water Quality Measurement ProgramD5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste ManagementD5743 Practice for
8、 Sampling Single or MultilayeredLiquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or SimilarContainersD5792 Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Re-lated to Waste Management Activities: Development ofData Quality ObjectivesD5956 Guide for Sampling Strategies for HeterogeneousWastesD6044 Guide for R
9、epresentative Sampling for Managementof Waste and Contaminated MediaD6051 Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsam-pling for Environmental Waste Management ActivitiesD6232 Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment forWaste and Contaminated Media Data CollectionActivitiesD6233 Guide for Data Ass
10、essment for Environmental WasteManagement Activities (Withdrawn 2016)3D6311 Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Relatedto Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimiza-tion of Sampling DesignD6323 Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Relatedto Waste Management ActivitiesD6538 Guide
11、 for Sampling Wastewater With AutomaticSamplersD6699 Practice for Sampling Liquids Using Bailers3. Terminology3.1 discrete depth sample, nsample obtained from a de-fined level within the liquid being sampled.3.2 grab sample, nindividual sample collected over aperiod of time usually not exceeding 15
12、min and in such amanner as to be representative of conditions at the time ofsampling. Grab samples are sometimes called individual ordiscrete samples.3.3 representative sample, nsample collected such that itreflects one or more characteristics of interest (as defined bythe project objectives) of a p
13、opulation from which it wascollected. D59561This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on WasteManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.03 onSampling Equipment.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2016. Published November 2016. Originallyapproved in 2002. La
14、st previous edition approved in 2009 as D6759 09. DOI:10.1520/D6759-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe AST
15、M website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 sample, nsee Terminology D5681.3.5 sludge, nany mixture of solids that settles out ofsol
16、ution. Sludges contain liquids that are not apparent as freeliquids (see Practice D5743). D63234. Significance and Use4.1 Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may beneeded to confirm or rule out variations within a targetpopulation. This practice describes the design and operation ofcommer
17、cially available grab and discrete depth samplers forpersons responsible for designing or implementing samplingprograms, or both.4.2 These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids intanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water.Some may be used from the edge or bank of the samplin
18、g site,whereas some can only be used from a platform, boat, or bridgeover the sampling site. Some of the devices described aresuitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueousand other liquids with few or no suspended solids.4.3 Practice D5743 provides guidance for sampling drums,tanks,
19、or similar containers.4.4 This practice does not address general guidelines forplanning waste sampling activities (Guide D4687), develop-ment of data quality objectives (Practice D5792), the design ofmonitoring systems and determination of the number ofsamples to collect (Practice D6311), in situ me
20、asurement ofparameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpre-tation of resultant data (Guide D6233), sample preservation,sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D5612), or theselection of sampling locations or obtaining a representativesample (Guide D6044).5. Pre-Sampling5.1 Samp
21、les should be collected in accordance with anappropriate work plan (Practice D5283 and Guide D4687) andin accordance with the Data Quality Objectives (PracticeD5792). The plan should include a worker health and safetysection because of the potential hazards associated with sam-pling wastes.45.2 All
22、equipment shall be clean, dry, and compatible withthe anticipated composition of the material being sampled(Practice D5088). When sampling a hazardous material, if theexterior of the sample bottle or sampling apparatus contacts thehazardous material, it needs to be cleaned before subsequentsteps, su
23、ch as labelling or sample transfer, are taken.5.3 For samplers with long handles, if high voltage electri-cal wires could come into contact with the handle, the handleshould be made of nonconductive material, such as wood.5.4 For guidance in obtaining a representative sample, seeGuide D6044.5.5 For
24、guidance in how to prepare composite samples andsubsamples in the field, see Guide D6051.5.6 Some discrete samples can be taken using bailers (seePractice D6699). Additional information on selecting samplingequipment, based on the sample matrix, and the constraints onthe use of equipment, based on t
25、he physical and chemicalproperties of the equipment, can be found in Guide D6232.6. Sampling Equipment and Procedures6.1 Dipper:6.1.1 DescriptionA dipper can consist of a variety ofpieces of equipment assembled in a manner to obtain a sample.6.1.1.1 One type has an adjustable clamp attached to the e
26、ndof a metal rod or tube, which may be extendable (see Fig. 1).The rod or tube forms the handle and the clamp is used tosecure it to a beaker or other sample container.6.1.1.2 Another type of device is made using a stainlesssteel tube clamped to a moveable bracket that is attached to arigid handle.
27、The angle of the cup to the handle is adjustable(Practice D5358).6.1.2 Procedure:6.1.2.1 With the beaker facing downward, lower the dipperbeaker into the liquid slowly until it is submerged. Try to causea minimum of surface disturbance.6.1.2.2 Rotate the beaker through 180. If there is a current,the
28、 mouth of the beaker should face upstream during therotation.6.1.2.3 Allow the beaker to fill.6.1.2.4 Slowly bring it to the surface.6.1.2.5 Transfer the sample, usually by gently pouring thedippers contents into a clean sample container.6.1.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsIt is i
29、nexpensive.When attached to a rigidpole, it can reach to 4 m(1013 ft) away fromthe person collectingsamples.It can be used to obtain onlysurface samples.Because the sample collectionchamber is always open, it cannotobtain a sample containing thesame strata proportions as the strataat the location be
30、ing sampled.4Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual for Hazardous Waste SiteActivities, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 85-115 (NTIS No. PB87-162855/LL),NIOSH, OSHA, USCG, EPA, October 1985. FIG. 1 DipperD6759 1626.2 Liquid Grab Sampler:6.2.1 DescriptionA liquid grab sampler consists of a rigid
31、handle with a bottle attached to one end. The bottle is sealedwith a plunger that can be opened or closed by moving thecable that is attached to it (see Fig. 2).6.2.2 ProcedureAssemble the liquid grab sampler per themanufacturers instructions.6.2.2.1 When assembled, thread the bottle onto the grabsa
32、mpler head and tighten by turning the bottle clockwise.6.2.2.2 Submerge the sampler to the desired depth and pullthe split key ring to allow liquid to enter the bottle.6.2.2.3 Release the ring to close the bottle.6.2.2.4 Raise the sampler from the liquid.6.2.2.5 Remove the filled sample bottle and s
33、eal it.6.2.2.6 Clean the outside surface of the sample bottle.6.2.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsThe sample jar is availablecommercially in a range ofmaterials, providing the choice ofone that is chemically inertto the contaminants of interest.Handles of various lengths can beuse
34、d to obtain samples fromdifferent depths.The sample does not need to betransferred to another containerfor shipping.The sampler is not opened untilthe desired sampling depth isreached, that is, it can be usedas a discrete depth sampler(see Practice D6699).True depth of sample unknownunless device is
35、 verticallydeployed.Not able to collect stratifiedsamples of proper proportions.Exterior of sample bottle needscleaning after immersion inhazardous waste.6.3 Swing Jar Sampler:6.3.1 DescriptionThis sampling device consists of a polethat screws into a bottle holder (see Fig. 3). The angle of thebottl
36、e with respect to the pole can be varied.6.3.2 Procedure:6.3.2.1 Select the bottle clamp that best fits the desiredsample bottle.6.3.2.2 Connect the pole to the bottle holder and turn itclockwise until snug.6.3.2.3 Slide the clamp onto the bottle to a point midwaybetween the bottle shoulder and heel
37、.6.3.2.4 Tighten the screw located in the inner pole screwthreads of the bottle holder.6.3.2.5 Lower the sampler into the liquid slowly with thebottle facing downward until it is submerged to cause minimalsurface disturbance.6.3.2.6 Rotate the bottle through 180.NOTE 1If there is a current, the mout
38、h of the bottle should faceupstream during the rotation.6.3.2.7 Allow the bottle to fill and slowly bring it to thesurface.6.3.2.8 Loosen the screw holding the bottle to the device.6.3.2.9 Remove the bottle from the holder.6.3.2.10 For transport to the laboratory, either seal the bottleand clean the
39、 exterior or transfer the bottles contents into aclean sample container.6.3.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsThe sampler canaccommodate differentsample bottle sizes up to960 mL.It allows collection fromvarious angles, includingvertical.Not suitable for discrete depthsampling.Exteri
40、or of sample bottle needscleaning after immersion inhazardous waste.FIG. 2 Liquid Grab SamplerFIG. 3 Swing Jar SamplerD6759 1636.4 Bacon Bomb:6.4.1 DescriptionThe Bacon Bomb sampler consists of asealed hollow tube or chamber. It is attached to a primarycable/line, with length markings and an actuato
41、r rod (labeledSecondary Activation in Fig. 4) connected to a second line,which opens and closes the chambers valves.6.4.2 Procedure:6.4.2.1 Measure and mark the support line or cable with thedesired length or depth.6.4.2.2 Close the chamber.6.4.2.3 Lower the Bacon Bomb sampler using the primarysuppo
42、rt line or cable to the desired depth, as marked on thesupport line. The second line must remain slack during thelowering procedure to avoid accidentally opening the sampler.Secure the line.6.4.2.4 Open the chamber by pulling on the actuator rodline, thereby allowing the sampler to fill.6.4.2.5 When
43、 the chamber is full, release the second line toclose the sampler.6.4.2.6 Return the sampler to the surface by raising theprimary support line.6.4.2.7 Transfer the contents of the Bacon Bomb sampler toa clean dry sample container. Hold the Bacon Bomb samplerover the sample container. Open the lower
44、stopper by raisingthe actuator rod. Drain the contents into a clean samplecontainer(s).6.4.3 Advantages and Limitations:Advantages LimitationsSampler is closed to the materialbeing sampled until it hasreached its intended depth, thatis, it can be used as adiscrete depth sampler.It is available in 11
45、8-mL to1000-mL volumes in platedbrass, stainless steel,acrylic and PTFE.The stainless steel unit iseffective for use in highviscosity non aqueousliquids, for example, oil.The lowering and activation linestend to cross each other duringdescent, which could allowsample collection to occurat the wrong
46、depth.The commercially availablestainless steel unit has amaximum capacity of 500 mL.PTFE device is expensiverelative to stainless steel.Not effective in turbid samplemedia, according to themanufacturer.Slight leakage into the interiormay occur with the stainlesssteel unit during descent,according t
47、o the manufacturerWith viscous material, an excessof the material being sampledmay adhere to the outside ofthe Bacon Bomb sampler.6.5 Syringe Sampler:6.5.1 DescriptionThe Syringe sampler is a hollow tubetype sampler with a bottom fill valve. A Syringe samplernormally consists of a piston assembly wi
48、th a T-handle, safetylocking nut, and control rod (PTFE-covered aluminum tofacilitate operation of the piston), a piston body assembly, asampling tube assembly, and a standard bottom valve or coringbottom (see Fig. 5).6.5.2 Procedure:6.5.2.1 Open the bottom valve.6.5.2.2 Slowly lower the assembled s
49、ampler to the desireddepth.6.5.2.3 Raise the T-handle, drawing the sample into thesampler body.FIG. 4 Bacon BombFIG. 5 Syringe SamplerD6759 1646.5.2.4 Close the bottom valve by pressing the samplerdown against the side or bottom of the container beingsampled.6.5.2.5 Raise the sampler to the surface using the supportline.6.5.2.6 Transfer the contents to a clean dry sample con-tainer. Hold the Syringe sampler over the sample container.Open the bottom valve and push down on the T-handle toextrude the sample into a clean sample container.6.5.3 Advantages and Limit
