1、Designation: D 6765 02Standard Practice forLive Staking1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6765; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the ye
2、ar of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the material, preparation and instal-lation work required for live stake construction.1.2 The values in this standard are in SI units and are to berega
3、rded as the standard. The inch-pound units given inparentheses are for information only.1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performingone or more specific operations. This document cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunctionwith professional judgment. Not a
4、ll aspects of this practice maybe applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is notintended to represent or replace standard of care by whichadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this document be applied without considerations of aprojects many unique aspects. T
5、he word “standard” in thetitle of this document means only that the document has beenapproved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with
6、 itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions:2.1.1 live stake, nan individual live woody plant materialcutting used in live stak
7、ing.2.1.2 live staking, vthe act of tamping live woody plantmaterial cuttings into the ground.2.1.3 live woody plant material, nstem and branch cut-tings of vegetatively self-propagating woody plant species.3. Summary of Practice3.1 Live stakes are stem or branch cuttings of vegetativelyself-propaga
8、ting woody plant species that are tamped into theground. If correctly prepared and installed, the live stake willroot and grow. Once the live stakes become established, theycreate top growth and a living root system. The root systemstabilizes the shallow subsoil by reinforcing and bindingtogether so
9、il particles, and by extracting excess soil moisture.The vegetative top growth from the living live stakes providescover for the soil surface against erosive forces. See Fig. 1, Fig.2, and Fig. 3.4. Significance and Use4.1 Live staking is a soil bioengineering technique used toprovide erosion and se
10、dimentation control after plants havebecome fully established by increasing infiltration, slowing orredirecting runoff, and trapping seed and sediments. A success-ful live staking application provides mechanical surface slopestabilization, aesthetics, water quality and habitat enhance-ment. The abil
11、ity of live staking to function properly dependson the quality and correctness of the materials utilized, themeans and methods of installation, and proper consideration ofsite characteristics. It is imperative that the live stakingdevelops root and top growth.5. Materials5.1 Fresh or well-preserved
12、viable cuttings are used. Thestems or branches are straight. Side branches are cleanlyremoved. Bark remains intact. The basal ends are cut at anangle for easy insertion into the soil. The top is cut square.Typically, plants are harvested near the project site within thesame climate zone. Typical len
13、gths for live stakes are from 600to 900 mm (2 to 3 ft). The caliper (diameter) of cuttingsgenerally ranges from 15 to 40 mm (12 to 112 in.). Cut andinstall the live stakes in the dormant season.5.2 Brush Cutting ImplementsCut live vegetation withsuch tools as pruning shears, loppers, clearing saws,
14、chainsaws,and bush axes. The cuts must be made in a manner that allowsthe bark to remain intact and the stems or branches are not splitor shredded.6. Installation6.1 Harvest live woody plant material using a sharp, cleanbrush-cutting implement. The cuttings may be temporarilystored outdoors in water
15、 or in a moist environment for amaximum of 2 days when the outdoor temperature remainsbelow 10C (50F), or refrigerated storage at 1 to 3C (33 to39F) can be used for up to two (2) months, provided humiditylevels are maintained above 90 %.6.2 Tamp each live stake into the ground perpendicular tothe so
16、il surface with the buds oriented up. An iron bar or1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil andRock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25 on Erosion andSediment Control Technology; and is the direct responsibility of Section .10 on SoilBioengineering.
17、Current edition approved May 10, 2002. Published May 2002.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.similar device can be used to make a pilot hole in firm soil. Theoutside diameter of the iron bar may be no larger than thesmal
18、lest live stake. Buds are oriented up.6.3 Tamp live stake into the ground with a dead blowhammer until four-fifths of the live stake is buried.6.4 Firmly pack soil around the live stake after it has beentamped into the ground.6.5 Live stakes that split or are otherwise damaged duringinstallation are
19、 removed and replaced.6.6 The spacing and density of live stakes depend uponspecies selection and site conditions. Live stakes are com-monly installed 600 to 900 mm (2 to 3 ft) on center using atriangular layout. The density of this configuration will rangefrom 2 to 4 live stakes per square meter.6.
20、7 Live staking is frequently used in association with rollederosion control products, riprap, or other technologies.7. Keywords7.1 erosion control; live stake; live staking; slope stabiliza-tion; soil bioengineeringFIG. 1 Individual Live Stake Prior to InstallationFIG. 2 Cross-Section of Live Stakes
21、 (Installed)FIG. 3 Photograph of Growing Live StakesD 67652ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such pat
22、ent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited eit
23、her for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair
24、hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D 67653
