1、Designation: D6883 04 (Reapproved 2012)Standard Practice forManual Sampling of Stationary Coal from Railroad Cars,Barges, Trucks, or Stockpiles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6883; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining a manualgross sample from beneath the su
3、rface of coal in railroad cars,barges, trucks, or stockpiles. These procedures are to be used toprovide gross samples for estimating the quality of the coal.The gross samples are to be crushed, divided, and furtherprepared for analysis in accordance with Practice D2013.1.2 This practice provides ins
4、truction for sampling beneaththe exposed surface coal to a depth of approximately 61 cm (24in.). Collect samples at this depth to get below the surface ofthe material, since drying and oxidation may have occurred at,or near the surface. Changes in moisture, in particle size, andin other properties c
5、ontinue to occur deeper in the coal and,although not as drastic as near the surface, will cause themethod to be biased. The user should review the conditions ofthe coal (weather conditions, prior transport, settling time, andso forth, see 8.1) so that the interested parties can agree thatpotential b
6、iases are not overly great or that some adjustment inspecifications is warranted. Sample increments collected fromthe surface layer(s) of coal in railroad cars, barges, or stock-piles are classified condition “D” (see Practice D2234/D2234M, Increment Collection Classification). It is a goodpractice
7、to require that “details of sampling procedure shall beagreed upon in advance by all parties concerned” whenevercollection of sample increments falls under condition “D.” Thispractice offers a sampling procedure that parties may use tomeet requirements of Practice D2234/D2234M for condition“D.” The
8、practice does not produce samples that satisfyprecision requirements of Practice D2234/D2234M general-purpose sampling, or Practice D2234/D2234M special-purposesampling.1.3 The user is cautioned that samples of this type do notsatisfy the minimum requirements for probability sampling andas such cann
9、ot be used to draw statistical inferences such asprecision, standard error, or bias.1.4 This sampling method is intended for use only whensampling by more reliable methods that provide a probabilitysample is not possible.1.5 The quantities stated in either acceptable SI units or ininch-pound units a
10、re regarded separately as standard. Thequantities stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system must be used independently of the other,without combining quantities in any way.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with
11、 its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D121 Terminology of Coal and CokeD2013 Practice for Preparing Coal S
12、amples for AnalysisD2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sampleof CoalD4749 Test Method for Performing the Sieve Analysis ofCoal and Designating Coal SizeD4916 Practice for MechanicalAuger Sampling (Withdrawn2008)3E105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE177 Practice for Use of
13、the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 consignment, na discrete amount of coal, such as ashipment, a carload, a unit train, or a days production. Aconsignment may include more than one lot of coal and may
14、correspond to a specific period of time such as sampling periodor billing period.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal andCoke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.23 on Sampling.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Orginall
15、yapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D688304. DOI:10.1520/D6883-04R12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、 Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.1.2 particle segregation, nthe segregation of sized par-ticles to s
17、pecific areas as a result of the particles rolling, falling,or sliding down the sides of a pile or a result of the peculiaritiesof a coal handling system used to build the pile. Particlesegregation is a process of separation, not exclusively by size,but by size, shape, and density.3.1.3 stockpile, n
18、material stored or reserved in a stackedpile or heap.4. Summary of Practice4.1 Use of this practice is limited to manual collection ofsample increments from beneath the surface layer(s) of station-ary coal from railroad cars, barges, trucks, or stockpiles for thepurpose of acquiring a gross sample.5
19、. Significance and Use5.1 These guidelines provide procedures for manually col-lecting gross samples from beneath the exposed surface of coalin railroad cars, barges, trucks, or stockpiles taking intoaccount the wide variety of conditions that may be encoun-tered. The samples are further processed f
20、or the laboratory toprovide estimations of the coal quality. The use of this practiceis conditional upon agreement among all interested partiesconcerning all relevant details of sample collection beforesampling begins. These include, but are not limited to: lot size;number and mass of increments; th
21、e size, shape, and manipu-lation of the increment collection devices; location of incre-ment collection site or sites; circumstances under whichincrements are not to be collected or suspended; and safetyprecautions. It is preferable that such agreements be in writing.The user is cautioned that sampl
22、es so obtained do not representmaterial below the point of penetration.6. Hazards6.1 WarningStockpile sampling involves exposure tohazardous operations, conditions, and equipment.Awareness topersonnel safety cannot be overemphasized. Personnel mayrequire approved federal and/or state safety training
23、 beforetaking part in field sampling. Site-specific safety regulationsmust be observed. This includes personnel wearing all speci-fied personal protection equipment. The general safety precau-tions necessary when working around moving equipment mustbe observed. Sampling technicians must never work i
24、n coalthat is piled or in railroad cars over hoppers and/or feeders orwhere there is the possibility of the coal being eroded frombeneath them. Sampling should never be performed near a faceof a stockpile where the face extends upward at an anglegreater than the angle of repose of the coal.7. Proced
25、ure7.1 ObservationsBefore sampling a lot of coal using thismethod, perform a visual inspection for particle distributionand possible particle segregation within the stockpile. Notesshould be made on the sampling log to reflect these observa-tions. These notes could be useful in understanding differe
26、ncesof analytical test results or in identifying changes in stockpilingcharacteristics. The approximate top size of the coal on thesurface layer should be estimated in this step.7.2 Lot SizeAll interested parties should agree to the sizeof the lot to be represented by one gross sample beforesampling
27、 begins.7.3 Weight of IncrementsIncrement weights are to beequal to, or in excess of, those contained in Table 2 of PracticeD2234/D2234M. All increments should be of approximatelyequal mass.7.4 Number of IncrementsMeaningful levels of precisioncannot be obtained with the methods described herein. De
28、ter-mine the number of increments to be collected for one grosssample using Eq 1. Fewer increments are permissible if agreedupon in advance. Since meaningful levels of precision cannotbe obtained for these samples, any multiplier can be consideredvalid in place of the number 35 in Eq 1 if agreed upo
29、n by theparties concerned.N 5 35total lot size Mg or tons!908 Mg or 1000 tons(1)where:N = number of increments.7.5 Increment CollectionCollect increments from a depthof approximately 61 cm (24 in.), on top of conveyances,around the base of the stockpile, and up the slopes of the pile.The angles of t
30、he sides of the holes should be less than theangle of repose. Place the coal that is removed from the holesaway from the sampling area. Remove the increment from thebottom of the hole and place it into the container. Avoid anyspillage.7.5.1 The pattern of increment placement can be dependentupon the
31、 size and number of conveyances or height and shapeof the stockpile. Space the increments over the surface of thecoal so that each increment will represent equally sized areas.This will require different spacing of increments as the size andnumber of conveyances or the profile of the pile changes. T
32、heAppendix contains a discussion of pattern selection for collec-tion of increments from coal in conveyances.7.5.2 As increments are collected, protect them from con-tamination and moisture change. Place the increments inplastic-lined canvas bags, metal drums with plastic liners,plastic buckets with
33、 airtight lids, or other moisture imperviouscontainers. Each sample must be clearly identified. Place amoisture-proof identification tag inside the sample containerand attach another securely on the outside of the samplecontainer. Sample identification shall include the samplingtechnicians initials,
34、 the date, the location, weather conditions,the number of increments, and the sampling method used. Thisinformation will become part of the analytical report. Othernotes or pertinent information can be recorded in the samplinglog (see Section 8). This information may or may not be in thereport, but
35、it shall be retained as a part of the laboratory record.7.6 Collection DevicesThe estimated top size of the coalascertained in 7.1 should be used to determine the opening sizeof the increment collection device. It should be a minimum oftwo and one half times the top size of the coal. Types anddimens
36、ions of sampling implements should be agreed upon byall interested parties before commencement of sampling. AD6883 04 (2012)2common flat, square shovel with the two sides and the backbuilt up with metal plates which are at least 10 cm (4 in.) highis a device that is commonly used to obtain manual sa
37、mplesSee Fig. 1.7.6.1 There are occasions when the use of an unloadingdevice can expose multiple faces and increase the access tomaterial for sampling. One example is to use heavy equipment,such as an end loader, to remove outside material of a stockpilethus allowing increments to be taken from a fr
38、eshly exposedface. A second example is to have the end loader bucketremove primary increments from a stockpile and then manuallysubsample each increment with a manual sampling implement(see Fig. 1). A third example is to have a clamshell bucketremove primary increments from a barge and then manually
39、subsample each increment.7.6.2 Use of mechanical equipment such as auger samplersand core drill rigs are not in the scope of this procedure and areaddressed by other guides (Practice D4916) or working papers.7.7 In extremely cold weather, coal can become frozen onthe surface as well as inside the st
40、ockpiles. It is preferable notto collect increments manually from frozen coal. Wait until itthaws. If sampling is necessary while coal is frozen, make noteof the coals condition when it was sampled. It will beextremely difficult or even impossible to collect incrementsproperly.8. Sampling Log8.1 Sam
41、pling technicians should keep a written log. Asampling log contains sample identification and also notationsof conditions encountered during increment collection. Entriesto be noted include, but are not limited to: size of stockpile,number of railroad cars, barges, trucks or size segregationpatterns
42、, general configuration of stockpile, compaction ofstockpile, perimeter conditions of pile, degree ofcontamination, the visual appearance of the material, date, andweather conditions.8.2 Any modifications to a sampling plan should be dis-cussed with the interested parties, if possible. Any changes t
43、othe agreed upon sampling plan are to be documented on thesampling log. If it is not possible or feasible to discussmodifications, both the fact that discussion was not possible,and the actual modifications that were made, are to bedocumented on the sampling log.9. Personnel9.1 Sampling technicians
44、using this practice should beinstructed in the particular manual sampling practice agreedupon.9.2 Field situations often dictate on-site modifications ofsampling plans. Modifications of a sampling plan should bemade only by personnel with an understanding of and a senseof responsibility for the pote
45、ntial effects that the deviations willhave on the sample being taken.10. Precision and Bias10.1 The samples obtained using this practice are non-probability samples and as such they cannot be used tocalculate meaningful statistical inferences such as the levels ofFIG. 1 Commonly Used Manual Sampling
46、 ImplementsD6883 04 (2012)3precision and bias. The user of this practice is referred toPractice E105 for further information concerning probabilitysampling of materials.11. Keywords11.1 barges; manual sampling; rail cars; railroad cars; stock-pilesAPPENDIXES(Nonmandatory Information)X1. SAMPLING PAT
47、TERN SELECTIONX1.1 Increment PositionsX1.1.1 Sampling pattern and increment placement shouldbe agreed upon by all concerned parties. To determine potentialpositions of increments, use of one of the following options isrecommended:X1.1.2 Option 1Divide the conveyance length into asmany equal sections
48、 as the required number of increments anddivide the width into three or more equal sections, dependingon the required number of increments per lot. An imaginarygrid is formed dividing the surface of the coal into equalrectangular sections which are the potential positions for theremoval of increment
49、s.X1.1.3 ExampleFor a lot consisting of six 1362 Mg (1500tons) barges 18 increments per barge would be required.Therefore, the grids according to X1.1.2 for the barges couldbe:18 sections long by 3 sections wide18 sections long by 4 sections wide18 sections long by 5 sections wide18 sections long by 6 sections wideX1.1.4 Option 2Divide the conveyance width into two,three, four, five, or six equal sections, depending on whichnumber is divisible and desirable, into the required number ofincrements per conveyance. Divide the required number ofincrements by this numbe
