1、Designation: D 6911 03Standard Guide forPackaging and Shipping Environmental Samples forLaboratory Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6911; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard provides guidance on the selection ofprocedures for proper packaging and shipment of environmen-tal sample
3、s to the laboratory for analysis to ensure compliancewith appropriate regulatory programs and protection of sampleintegrity during shipment.1.2 This standard does not address transport of hazardouswastes for disposal purposes.1.3 This standard does not address the selection ofparameter-specific samp
4、le bottles or containers.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This guide cannot replace education or experienceand should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide m
5、ay be applicable in all circum-stances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this guide be appliedwithout consideration of the many unique aspects of a project.The word “standard” in the
6、 title of this guide means only thatthe guide has been approved through the ASTM consensusprocess.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health
7、 practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock and ContainedFluids2D 4220 Practice for Preserving and Transporting SoilSamples2D 4840 Guide for Sample Chain of Custody Procedure2D
8、5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting RockCore Samples2D 5903 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Ground-Water Sampling Event3D 6089 Guide for Documenting a Ground-Water SamplingEvent3D 6517 Practice for Field Preservation of Ground-WaterSamples22.2 Shipping Regulations:International Air
9、 Transport Association (IATA) DangerousGoods Regulations, 43rd Edition, January 2002International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Regulationsfor the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material, Section 10,Publication IAEA TS-R-1International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) TechnicalInstructions for the Sa
10、fe Transport of Dangerous Goods byAir, Document #9284-AN/905U.S. Government Printing Office, Title 40 Code of FederalRegulations Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA), Part 261U.S. Government Printing Office, Title 49 Code of FederalRegulations Transportation (DOT), Parts 170-174U.S. Postal S
11、ervice, Hazardous, Restricted and PerishableMail USPS Publication 523. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 carriera commercial company that is responsiblefor the actual shipment of environmental samples from thepoint of sample receipt from the shipper to the samples f
12、inaldestination.3.1.2 dangerous goodsthose goods that meet the criteriaof one or more of nine United Nations (UN) hazard classesand, where applicable, one of three UN packaging groupsaccording to the provisions of shipping regulations.3.1.3 environmental samplecontainerized liquids, solidsor gases t
13、hat are collected for the purpose of laboratoryanalysis.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water andVadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published August 2003.2Ann
14、ual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 inner packagingpackaging for which an outer pack-age is required for transport (for example, a samp
15、le bottle orcontainer).3.1.5 outer packagingthe outer protection of a compositeor combination packaging together with any absorbent mate-rials, cushioning and any other components necessary tocontain and protect sample bottles or inner packaging.3.1.6 shipperthe person who actually packages and pre-
16、sents environmental samples to a commercial carrier forshipment or who personally transports samples. The shipper iscommonly the person who collected the environmentalsamples.3.1.7 shippingthe commercial or private transport of en-vironmental samples via highway, rail, vessel or aircraft.4. Signific
17、ance and Use4.1 This standard provides guidance in determining themost appropriate procedures for packaging and shipping envi-ronmental samples. Use of this guide by personnel involved inpackaging and shipping environmental samples will facilitatesafe, effective and compliant procedures.5. Regulator
18、y Requirements5.1 The shipment of many environmental samples fallsunder the jurisdiction of national and standardized internationalregulations whenever samples exhibit one or more propertiesthat classify the samples as being dangerous or hazardous. Notall environmental samples, however, satisfy the
19、criteria forbeing classified as dangerous or hazardous substances. Thesesamples can be packaged and shipped as non-regulated ornon-hazardous environmental samples.5.2 It is the shippers responsibility to determine whichregulations apply to the environmental samples requiringshipment. This determinat
20、ion must be made prior to samplecollection to ensure compliance with shipping regulations atthe conclusion of sample collection. The primary sources ofshipping regulations that can apply to environmental samplesinclude the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), theInternational Air Transport Assoc
21、iation (IATA), and the U.S.Postal Service (USPS). DOT regulations govern transport ofsamples by water, rail, roadway and air; IATA regulationsgovern air transport of samples; USPS regulates both groundand air delivery of samples through the U.S. Postal System.Other agencies such as the U.S. Departme
22、nt of Agriculture(USDA) (restrictions on interstate shipment of soil samples toprevent the spread of biological contaminants), The Interna-tional Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) (transport of radioactivematerials by air), the International Civil Aviation Organization(ICAO) (shipment of the dangerous goo
23、ds by air). The Inter-national Maritime Dangerous Goods Code (shipment by ves-sel) may also need to be considered. Sample shippers must alsobe aware of the potential for restrictions on shipping samples atboth the state and local levels. Shippers should contact stateand local agencies to determine a
24、ny shipping restrictions.5.3 Should dangerous or hazardous samples be shippedusing methods not in full compliance with applicable regula-tory requirements, the following penalties can be assessed tothe shipper:5.3.1 Refusal to deliver the environmental samples to theirintended destination, which can
25、 result in sample integrity beingcompromised, chain-of-custody being broken, or sample hold-ing times being exceeded;5.3.2 Assessment of financial penalties which can be severe;and/or5.3.3 Imprisonment for blatant illegal shipment of danger-ous or hazardous substances.6. Procedures for Packaging and
26、 ShippingEnvironmental Samples6.1 PlanningAs indicated in Guide D 5903, the Samplingand Analysis Plan (SAP) for a project will specify the numberof samples to be collected for each medium being sampled (forexample, soil, ground-water, surface water, soil gas, sedimentand corresponding quality contro
27、l samples). This SAP will alsoinclude a discussion on the need to plan for the appropriatenumber, size(s), and type(s) of outer packaging based on thenumber and sizes of sample containers to be filled and to planfor adequate space in outer packaging to accommodate innerpacking materials and temperat
28、ure controls. The SAP willspecify the analyses to be performed on each sample andshould also indicate the type of sample bottle or container andvolume required for each analyte. The SAP should also provideguidance on selection of the methods for sample packaging andshipment of samples to the laborat
29、ory for analysis whendangerous or hazardous samples are anticipated.6.2 Regulatory Responsibilities of the ShipperThe sampleshipper is responsible for ensuring that all environmentalsamples are packaged, labeled, and marked in a manner that isconsistent with applicable shipping regulations. Failure
30、to doso puts the shipper at risk of the penalties discussed in 5.3.6.3 Determination of Dangerous or Hazardous Propertiesof Environmental Samples:6.3.1 Prior to collection of environmental samples, it isnecessary to determine the hazard class of a sample. If this isunknown, the shipper must use best
31、 professional judgment todetermine the potential for samples to exhibit one or morehazardous characteristics (for example, through backgroundresearch review, interviews and review of purchasing anddisposal records) and to determine the appropriate degree ofdanger associated with those hazardous prop
32、erties as definedby applicable shipping regulations (see Note 1). Table 1summarizes the nine United Nations (UN) hazard classes thatTABLE 1 Summary of United Nations Hazard ClassesClass 1 ExplosivesClass 2 GasesClass 3 Flammable LiquidsClass 4 Flammable Solids; Substances Liable to SpontaneousCombus
33、tion; Substances Which, in Contact with Water, EmitFlammable Gases (for example, soil sample contaminatedwith high concentrations of gasoline released from anunderground storage tank)Class 5 Oxidizing Substances and Organic PeroxideClass 6 Toxic and Infectious Substances (for example, samples ofrefu
34、se collected from a solid waste landfill)Class 7 Radioactive MaterialClass 8 Corrosives (for example, nitric acid used for preservation ofsome ground-water samples) (see Note 2)Class 9 Miscellaneous Dangerous GoodsD6911032are defined within shipping regulations and provides threeexamples of environm
35、ental samples that might meet the criteriaof a given hazard class. Table 2 summarizes the degree ofhazard associated with dangerous goods being shipped asdefined by applicable shipping regulations.NOTE 1Dangerous or hazardous properties of environmental samplesare as defined specifically by shipping
36、 regulations. Definitions developedfor use under other regulatory programs may be substantially different andare not applicable. For example, a corrosive liquid under IATA definitionis “a substance which, in the event of leakage, can cause severe damageby chemical action when in contact with living
37、tissue or can materiallydamage other freight or the means of transportation.” This is determinedthrough a series of intact skin tissue exposure tests and/or corrosive testson steel or aluminum for defined exposure periods. Under the ResourceConservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a corrosive liquid is
38、 defined asa liquid with a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5,as determined by a pH meter using Method 9090.NOTE 2In a letter dated April 11, 1979, the Associate Director forHazardous Materials Regulation of the Research and Special ProgramsAdministration granted exception t
39、o the DOT hazardous materials regu-lations for water samples containing the corrosives: hydrochloric acid,mercuric chloride, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide andphosphoric acid. The listed corrosives include the preservatives com-monly used in water samples. This exception was revalidate
40、d in a letterissued on December 13, 1993 and again in a letter dated February 14,1997. This exception may not apply in other shipping regulations.6.3.1.1 When the actual hazard class of a sample is un-known, the most conservative packaging group possible for thechosen shipping name must be used. Ref
41、er to 6.4.1 forguidance on choosing the appropriate shipping name.6.3.2 It is possible that environmental samples may notexhibit a dangerous or hazardous property and, as such, may bepackaged and shipped as a non-regulated sample using meth-ods described in 6.5 and 6.6. Other packaging and shippingg
42、uidance is provided in Practices D 4220, D 5079, and D 6517.6.3.3 The shipper must make the determination of samplehazard prior to collection to ensure that an appropriate carrierhas been selected to transport samples to the laboratory and toensure that appropriate packaging materials are available
43、in thefield at the time of sample preparation for shipping.6.4 Determination of Proper Shipping Name and UN Num-ber for Dangerous or Hazardous Samples:6.4.1 Once the shipper has determined that an environmen-tal sample does or will likely exhibit one or more hazardouscharacteristics, the shipper mus
44、t select the “proper shippingname” for the sample as defined by the regulations under whichthe sample is to be shipped (see Table 3). These shippingnames are standard names used in the shipping industry toidentify the dangerous article or substance on the outside of thepackage and on the “Shippers D
45、eclaration for DangerousGoods” and are not names created at random by the shipper. Todetermine the proper shipping name for each environmentalsample, the shipper must refer to the shipping regulations thatwill be followed directly. It is possible for there to be more thanone shipping name. The selec
46、ted shipping name must accu-rately reflect the chemical, physical or biological characteris-tics of the sample being shipped and must not include a Tradename.6.4.2 When selecting the proper shipping name, the shippermust consider:6.4.2.1 The dangerous or hazardous property of the sample,6.4.2.2 If t
47、he sample is classified as a solid (for example,soil or sediment), liquid (for example, ground-water or surfacewater) or gas (for example, soil gas or atmospheric air),6.4.2.3 The anticipated or known contaminant(s) containedin the sample,6.4.2.4 Whether the contaminant is present in a pure form ora
48、 mixture, and6.4.2.5 The preferred method of sample shipment (forexample, ground transportation versus overnight air transpor-tation).6.4.3 Once selected, the proper shipping name is used by theshipper to obtain the following information from the appropri-ate shipping regulations:6.4.3.1 The corresp
49、onding UN number,6.4.3.2 Correct sample packaging (inner and outer packag-ing),6.4.3.3 Required package labels and markings,6.4.3.4 Restrictions on sample volumes per package,6.4.3.5 Applicable exceptions for small quantity shipments(see Note 3), and6.4.3.6 Available shipping options (for example, passengerversus cargo aircraft).NOTE 3In some cases, very small quantities of dangerous goods maybe transported in such a manner that they may be excepted from themarking, labeling and documentation requirements of dangerous orhazardous materials. Actual definitions of excepted sm
