1、Designation: D6911 03 (Reapproved 2010)D6911 15Standard Guide forPackaging and Shipping Environmental Samples forLaboratory Analysis1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6911; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This standard provides guidance on the selection of procedures for proper packaging and sh
3、ipment of environmentalsamples to the laboratory for analysis to ensure compliance with appropriate regulatory programs and protection of sampleintegrity during shipment.1.2 This standard does not address transport of hazardous wastes for disposal purposes.1.3 This standard does not address the sele
4、ction of parameter-specific sample bottles or containers.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgme
5、nt. Notall aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard ofcare by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without considerationof the many unique aspects of a
6、project. The word “standard” in the title of this guide means only that the guide has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to est
7、ablish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil SamplesD4840 Guide for Sa
8、mple Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core SamplesD5903 Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling EventD6089 Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling EventD6517 Guide for Field Preservation of Groundwater Samples2.2 Shipping Regula
9、tions:International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations, 43rd56th Edition, January 20022015, or currenteditionInternationalAtomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) Regulations for the SafeTransport of Radioactive Material, Section 10, PublicationIAEA TS-R-1 (2005), or current editionInter
10、national Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Technical Instructions for the Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air,Document #9284-AN/905 (2013-2014 edition), or current editionU.S. United States Government Printing Office, Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Resource Conservation and RecoveryAct(R
11、CRA), Part 261U.S. United States Government Printing Office, Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations Transportation (DOT), Parts 170-1741 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.25.01D18.21 on Mulches andTackifiers
12、Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2015. Published September 2010February 2015. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20032010 as D691103.03 (2010). DOI: 10.1520/D6911-03R10.10.1520/D6911-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theA
13、STM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an i
14、ndication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to b
15、e considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1U.S. United States Postal Service, Hazardous, Restricted and Perishable Mail USPS Publ
16、ication 52 (Updated May 15, 2014), orcurrent edition3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of common terminology terms used within this guide, refer to Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 carriera commercial company that is responsible for the actual shipment of envi
17、ronmental samples from the point ofsample receipt from the shipper to the samples final destination.3.2.2 dangerous goodsthose goods that meet the criteria of one or more of nine United Nations (UN) hazard classes and,where applicable, one of three UN packaging groups according to the provisions of
18、shipping regulations.3.2.3 environmental samplecontainerized liquids, solids or gases that are collected for the purpose of laboratory analysis.3.2.4 inner packagingpackaging for which an outer package is required for transport (for example, a sample bottle orcontainer).3.2.5 outer packagingthe oute
19、r protection of a composite or combination packaging together with any absorbent materials,cushioning and any other components necessary to contain and protect sample bottles or inner packaging.3.2.6 shipperthe person who actually packages and presents environmental samples to a commercial carrier f
20、or shipment orwho personally transports samples. The shipper is commonly the person who collected the environmental samples.3.2.7 shippingthe commercial or private transport of environmental samples via highway, rail, vessel or aircraft.4. Significance and Use4.1 This standard provides guidance in d
21、etermining the most appropriate procedures for packaging and shipping environmentalsamples. Use of this guide by personnel involved in packaging and shipping environmental samples will facilitate safe, effectiveand compliant procedures.4.2 Due to the changing nature of regulations and other informat
22、ion, users are advised to thoroughly research requirementsrelated to packaging and shipping prior to initiating a sampling event that will require shipment of the samples.5. Regulatory Requirements5.1 The shipment of many environmental samples falls under the jurisdiction of national and standardize
23、d internationalregulations whenever samples exhibit one or more properties that classify the samples as being dangerous or hazardous. Not allenvironmental samples, however, satisfy the criteria for being classified as dangerous or hazardous substances. These samples canbe packaged and shipped as non
24、-regulated or non-hazardous environmental samples.5.2 It is the shippers responsibility to determine which regulations apply to the environmental samples requiring shipment. Thisdetermination must be made prior to sample collection to ensure compliance with shipping regulations at the conclusion of
25、samplecollection. The primary sources of shipping regulations that can apply to environmental samples in the United States include theU.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), the InternationalAir TransportAssociation (IATA), and the U.S. Postal Service (USPS).DOT regulations govern transport of samp
26、les by water, rail, roadway and air; IATA regulations govern air transport of samples;USPS regulates both ground and air delivery of samples through the U.S. Postal System. Other agencies such as the U.S.Department of Agriculture (USDA) (restrictions on interstate shipment of soil samples to prevent
27、 the spread of biologicalcontaminants), The InternationalAtomic EnergyAgency (IAEA) (transport of radioactive materials by air), the International CivilAviation Organization (ICAO) (shipment of the dangerous goods by air). The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code(shipment by vessel) may also
28、need to be considered. Sample shippers must also be aware of the potential for restrictions onshipping samples at both the state and local levels. Shippers should contact state and local agencies to determine any shippingrestrictions. Other countries may have additional or equivalent agencies and re
29、gulations.5.3 Should dangerous or hazardous samples be shipped using methods not in full compliance with applicable regulatoryrequirements, the following penalties can be assessed to the shipper:5.3.1 Refusal to deliver the environmental samples to their intended destination, which can result in sam
30、ple integrity beingcompromised, chain-of-custody being broken, or sample holding times being exceeded;5.3.2 Assessment of financial penalties which can be severe; and/or5.3.3 Imprisonment for blatant illegal shipment of dangerous or hazardous substances.6. Procedures for Packaging and Shipping Envir
31、onmental Samples6.1 PlanningAs indicated in Guide D5903, the Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP) for a project will specify the number ofsamples to be collected for each medium being sampled (for example, soil, groundwater, surface water, soil gas, sediment andcorresponding quality control samples). Th
32、is SAP will also include a discussion on the need to plan for the appropriate number,size(s), and type(s) of outer packaging based on the number and sizes of sample containers to be filled and to plan for adequateD6911 152space in outer packaging to accommodate inner packing materials and temperatur
33、e controls. The SAP will specify the analyses tobe performed on each sample and should also indicate the type of sample bottle or container and volume required for each analyte.The SAPshould also provide guidance on selection of the methods for sample packaging and shipment of samples to the laborat
34、oryfor analysis when dangerous or hazardous samples are anticipated.6.2 Regulatory Responsibilities of the ShipperThe sample shipper is responsible for ensuring that all environmental samplesare packaged, labeled, and marked in a manner that is consistent with applicable shipping regulations. Failur
35、e to do so puts theshipper at risk of the penalties discussed in 5.3.6.3 Determination of Dangerous or Hazardous Properties of Environmental Samples:6.3.1 Prior to collection of environmental samples, it is necessary to determine the hazard class of a sample. If this is unknown,the shipper must use
36、best professional judgment to determine the potential for samples to exhibit one or more hazardouscharacteristics (for example, through background research review, interviews and review of purchasing and disposal records) andto determine the appropriate degree of danger associated with those hazardo
37、us properties as defined by applicable shippingregulations (see Note 1). Table 1 summarizes the nine United Nations (UN) hazard classes that are defined within shippingregulations and provides three examples of environmental samples that might meet the criteria of a given hazard class. Table 2summar
38、izes the degree of hazard associated with dangerous goods being shipped as defined by applicable shipping regulations.NOTE 1Dangerous or hazardous properties of environmental samples are as defined specifically by shipping regulations. Definitions developed foruse under other regulatory programs may
39、 be substantially different and are not applicable. For example, a corrosive liquid under IATA definition is “asubstance which, in the event of leakage, can cause severe damage by chemical action when in contact with living tissue or can materially damage otherfreight or the means of transportation.
40、” This is determined through a series of intact skin tissue exposure tests and/or corrosive tests on steel or aluminumfor defined exposure periods. Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), a corrosive liquid is defined as a liquid with a pH less thanor equal to 2 or greater than or e
41、qual to 12.5, as determined by a pH meter using EPA Method 9090.NOTE 2In a letter dated April 11, 1979, the Associate Director for Hazardous Materials Regulation of the Research and Special ProgramsAdministration granted exception to the DOT hazardous materials regulations for water samples containi
42、ng the corrosives: hydrochloric acid, mercuricchloride, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. The listed corrosives include the preservatives commonly used in watersamples. This exception was revalidated in a letter first issued on April 11, 1979, reconfirmed on December
43、13, 1993 and again in a letter dated February14, 1997. 1997, and February 2003 and in Interpretation #080222 dated October 2, 2008. This exception may not apply in other shipping regulations.When in doubt, consult the regulations, interpretations, and exemptions in place for the materials and quanti
44、ties in question.6.3.1.1 When the actual hazard class of a sample is unknown, the most conservative packaging group possible for the chosenshipping name must be used. Refer to 6.4.1 for guidance on choosing the appropriate shipping name.6.3.2 It is possible that environmental samples may not exhibit
45、 a dangerous or hazardous property and, as such, may bepackaged and shipped as a non-regulated sample using methods described in 6.5 and 6.6. Other packaging and shipping guidanceis provided in Practices D4220, D5079, and D6517.6.3.3 The shipper must make the determination of sample hazard prior to
46、collection to ensure that an appropriate carrier hasbeen selected to transport samples to the laboratory and to ensure that appropriate packaging materials are available in the fieldat the time of sample preparation for shipping.6.4 Determination of Proper Shipping Name and UN Number for Dangerous o
47、r Hazardous Samples:6.4.1 Once the shipper has determined that an environmental sample does or will likely exhibit one or more hazardouscharacteristics, the shipper must select the “proper shipping name” for the sample as defined by the regulations under which thesample is to be shipped (see Table 3
48、). These shipping names are standard names used in the shipping industry to identify thedangerous article or substance on the outside of the package and on the “Shippers Declaration for Dangerous Goods” and are notnames created at random by the shipper. To determine the proper shipping name for each
49、 environmental sample, the shipper mustrefer to the shipping regulations that will be followed directly. It is possible for there to be more than one shipping name. Theselected shipping name must accurately reflect the chemical, physical or biological characteristics of the sample being shipped andmust not include a Trade name.TABLE 1 Summary of United Nations Hazard ClassesClass 1 ExplosivesClass 2 GasesClass 3 Flammable LiquidsClass 4 Flammable Solids; Substances Liable to SpontaneousCombustion; Substances Which, in Contact with Water, EmitFlammable Gases (for exa
