1、Designation: D 7053 07Standard Guide forDetermining and Evaluating Causes of Water Leakage ofLow-Sloped Roofs1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7053; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining andevaluating causes of water leakage in low-sloped roofs. Forthis purpos
3、e, water penetration is considered leakage andtherefore problematic, is causing or is likely to cause prematuredeterioration of the roof, building or its contents, or isadversely affecting the performance of other components of thebuilding A roof is considered an assembly including themembrane, insu
4、lation, vapor retarder (if required), deck, andstructural components.1.1.1 This guide excludes moisture-related problems inroofs caused by condensation.NOTE 1CondensationMoisture-related problems in roof systemsmay be caused by condensation of humid air originating from within thebuilding and be inc
5、orrectly attributed to leakage from rain water. Theprotocol for an investigation of dampness due to condensation and iscomplicated, requires special expertise, and is beyond the scope of thisguide. For information regarding condensation problems as they relate toroofs, refer to ASTM MNL 18,2ASTM MNL
6、 40,3and ASHRAEHandbook 2005 Fundamentals.41.2 Investigative techniques discussed in this guide may beintrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility ofthe investigator to establish the limitations of use, to anticipateand advise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and topl
7、an for repairing and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This guide does not address steep-sloped roofs, standingor flat seam metal roofs, or architectural standing seam metalroofs.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are math
8、ematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:5C 1153 Practice for Location of Wet Insulation in RoofingSystems Using Infrared ImagingD 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproof-ingD 7186 Prac
9、tice for Quality Assurance Observation of RoofConstruction and Repair3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology D 1079.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 condensationthe conversion of water vapor to liquidas the temperature drops or atmospheric pressure rises.3.2.2 incidental water
10、-unplanned water infiltration thatpenetrates beyond the primary barrier and flashing withoutcausing adverse consequences.3.2.3 water infiltrationa process in which water passesthrough a material or between materials in a system andreaches a space that is not directly or intentionally exposed tothe w
11、ater source.3.2.4 water leakagewater entry that is uncontrolled, ex-ceeds the resistance of a component, or causes subsequentdamage or premature deterioration.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionalswith a methodology for evaluating water leakage throughlow
12、-sloped roofs. It addresses the service history of a roof, thevarious components of a roof, and the interaction betweenthese components and adjacent construction. It is not intendedas a construction quality control procedure, as specified inPractice D 7186, nor as a preconstruction qualification pro
13、ce-dure. It is intended for evaluating water leakage through alow-sloped roof.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this guide requires a back-ground as an architect, engineer, roof/waterproofing consultant,roofing contractor, or related profession with an understanding1This guide is under the jurisdiction of
14、ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing andWaterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.20 on RoofingMembrane Systems.Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2007. Published September 2007.2Treschel, H. R., ed., Manual on Moisture Control in Buildings, MNL18,ASTMInternational, 1994.3Treschel,
15、H. R., ed., Moisture Analysis and Condensation Control in BuildingEnvelopes, MNL 40, ASTM International, 2003.4ASHRAE Handbook 2005 Fundamentals, available from American Society ofHeating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, http:/w
16、ww.ashrae.org.5For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
17、Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.in building construction and the expertise in the design,installation, and maintenance of low-sloped roofs.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities describedherein are intended to produce an evaluation program, but allactivities m
18、ay not be applicable or necessary for a particularevaluation program. It is the responsibility of the professionalusing this guide to determine the activities and sequencenecessary to perform an appropriate leakage evaluation for aspecific low-sloped roof on a building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA
19、preliminary assessmentmay indicate that water leakage problems are limited to aspecific element or portion of a low-sloped roof. The evalua-tion of causes may be limited in scope, and the proceduresrecommended herein abridged according to the professionaljudgment of the investigator. A statement sti
20、pulating the limitsof the investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effec-tiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and inproportion to a defined scope of work. This guide is intendedto address leakage of a low-sloped roof system, lea
21、ding toconclusions that can generally be applied to similar or otherlocations on the roof. Since every possible location is notincluded in an evaluation program, it is probable that everyleak source will not be identified. Leak sources that arelocalized and unique may remain, and require specific an
22、dlocalized evaluation effort.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide. Referenceis made to design features of a low-sloped roof only for thepurpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in theevaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address leakage through walls notassociated
23、with roof construction, fenestration, or leakagebelow-grade. It is not intended for use with structures designedto retain water, such as pools, fountains, and vegetative roofs.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is intended toprovide a systemati
24、c approach to evaluating roof leaks, and isapplicable to any low-sloped roof system. The sequence ofactivities is intended to lead to an accumulation of informationin an orderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhancesand supplements the information gathered in the precedingstep.5.1.1 Sequen
25、ce of ActivitiesThe recommended sequenceof activities, discussed in individual sections below are:5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of original roof design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination and review of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analys
26、is.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.2 Analysis and InterpretationThe information gatheredduring a leakage evaluation is analyzed as it is acquired. It isnot the intent of this guide to imply that the analysis andinterpretation of the information occurs only at the completionof all activities.6. Review o
27、f Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents, including roof componentshop drawings, will be available and accessible for review. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organizedon a conventional owner/design professional/contractor model.Projects can be delivered in various w
28、ays, and the method usedwill dictate the appropriate organization of the project docu-ments. The information discussed below should be availablefor review somewhere in the project documents.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings,spe
29、cifications, and may include correspondence, meeting min-utes, addenda, substitution proposals, product literature, testreports, survey reports prepared by others, shop drawings, andso forth. They contain the information necessary to understandthe performance criteria, the design intent, materials,
30、andrelationships among the roof components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be revised or supplemented overthe course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date, with a cross reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and under-standing the difference
31、s between them and the reason for thedifferences is part of the evaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and thehighest revision number establish the requirements for theproject. A set of documents marked “as-built” or “record set”are intended to show the actual construction and
32、may beavailable.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to regulatory codes, industry stan-dards, or manufacturer installation requirements. Standards,referenced codes, and manufacturer information often containdefault or minimum criteria to establish the perfor
33、mancecriteria for the roof. Conflicts between the referenced docu-ments and those stated in the project documents should not beassumed to be a cause of leakage without further investigation.6.2.1 Regulatory codes, industry standards, and manufac-turer installation requirements change over time. The
34、versionof these documents examined as part of the review of projectdocuments should be those listed with dates in the projectdocuments, or if not listed with dates, those in effect when thebuilding permit was issued.6.3 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generated afterthe award of contracts and are
35、 submitted to the designprofessional for review and inclusion in the project record. Thesubmittals usually apply to a specific material, component,assembly, or installation method, and the information con-tained will augment the project documents. There can be anumber of revisions to submittals prio
36、r to final approval. Thestandard for the project is set by the submittals approved by thedesign professional. Submittals can include shop drawings, testreports, product literature, manufacturers recommendations,installation and maintenance guidelines, warranties, etc.6.3.1 Test reports provided by m
37、anufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by an independent agency (if requested by thecustomer). Review the test dates and the description of whatD7053072was tested to determine if and how the information actuallyapplies to the project.6.3.2 Manuf
38、acturers and suppliers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-stances under which one or more of the components may notfunction properly. Project conditions should be evaluated todetermine if an appropriate product selection had been made.6.3.3 Submittals should
39、be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendations and guidelines.6.4 Pre-Qualification and Mock-Up ReportsCompliancewith specific project requirements may have been demon-strated by a mock-up test. The mock-up report should containa clear and complete description of changes necessary to passthe test. Pro
40、ject documents should incorporate these changes,and they should be reflected in the actual construction. Failureto incorporate these changes should be considered as a possiblecause of water leakage.6.5 Additional Construction DocumentsAdditional con-struction documents that record changes, decisions
41、, and activi-ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,requests for information (RFI), clarifications, change orders,directives, progress photos, inspection and quality assurancereports, test reports, meeting minutes, and correspondence. Theinformation in these documents may modify or
42、 supersede thedesign documents.6.6 Local PracticesAn understanding of local practiceswill permit a thorough assessment of the project roof designand construction. The actual construction may be influenced inan undocumented manner by local practices.6.7 Missing Documents-Project documents may be un-a
43、vailable or have missing parts. This situation will require thedetermination of existing and as-built conditions. The informa-tion may need to be generated from observations and measure-ments of the building.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Design ConceptReview of the project documentsshould revea
44、l what requirements had been specified for theroof.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe design shall include prop-erly selected components. The details must provide for theinterfacing and integration of components so that each one canperform collectively and function as a system. The details mustalso addres
45、s issues such as construction tolerances, materialcompatibilities, terminations, penetrations, and building move-ment. A careful evaluation of the design will indicate incon-sistencies that may contribute to leakage.7.3 ExposureBased on an analysis of local weather con-ditions and the location and g
46、eometry of the building, identifythe actual weather conditions during periods of leakage. Theseconditions can be correlated with service history, described inthe next section, to help establish a protocol for the evaluationprocess.8. Determination of Service History8.1 Gathering information on the s
47、ervice history related toleakage problems serves two purposes. First, patterns in theobserved leakage and visible damage can provide an indicationof the cause(s) and where to focus an investigation. Second, theinformation provides a checklist against which failure theoriesand conclusions can be eval
48、uated. A comprehensive diagnosticprogram should result in an explanation for most, if not all,aspects of the observed leaks and damage.8.1.1 Document Physical Symptoms of Leaks:8.1.1.1 Make a detailed visual inspection of both the interiorand exterior. Locations that should be checked for indication
49、sof leakage include but are not limited to:(1) Intersection of the roof with walls, parapets, and curbs.(2) Perimeter gravel stops.(3) Roof drains, overflow drains, and scuppers.(4) Base flashing.(5) Roof slope.(6) Mechanical units.(7) Curbs and equipment rails.(8) Expansion joints.(9) Field seams and laps.(10) Punctures, splits, or tears in membrane or flashing.(11) Utility and building service penetrations.(12) Gutters and downspouts.(13) Cap flashing.(14) Pitch pans.(15) Door sills.(16) Penthouse or parapet walls.(17) Counterflashings.(18) Surface-mounted f
