1、在职申硕同等学力英语（阅读）模拟试卷 4及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension Directions: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar acro
2、ss the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET. 0 Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetism. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discriminati
3、on against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet. It has long been known that a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life ove
4、r Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K. Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of Geor
5、ge Bushs predecessors(including his father)had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged(Berlusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The wo
6、rlds three top central bankers(Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami)are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men(Gates, Buffett, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht). Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all
7、 the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rest sets in early. At the start of the first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So shortsighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and i
8、s rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly. Th
9、e humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up
10、 alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them. 1 What does the author intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars? （ A） A kind of overlooked inequality. （ B） A type of conspicuous bias. （ C） A type of personal prejudice. （ D） A kind of brand discrimination.
11、2 What can we infer from the first three paragraphs? （ A） In both East and West, names are essential to success. （ B） The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman. （ C） Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names. （ D） Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize. 3
12、 The 4th paragraph suggests that_. （ A） questions are often put to the more intelligent students （ B） alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class （ C） teachers should pay attention to all of their students （ D） students should be seated according to their eyesight 4 What does the a
13、uthor mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ“(Lines 23, Paragraph5)? （ A） They are getting impatient. （ B） They are noisily dozing off. （ C） They are feeling humiliated. （ D） They are busy with word puzzles. 5 Which of the following is true according to the text? （ A） People with surnames b
14、eginning with N to Z are often ill-treated. （ B） VIPs in the Western world gain a great deal from alphabetism. （ C） The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go. （ D） Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias. 6 What does the word “suspiciously“ in the last sen
15、tence of the second paragraph mean in this text? （ A） Incredibly. （ B） Uncertainly. （ C） Specially. （ D） Seldom. 6 Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thir
16、teenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent. All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mother
17、ing, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected. Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the
18、infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the cri
19、tical stage has passed. Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ. At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can
20、 speak simple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar. Recent evidence suggests th
21、at an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear“. And even more incredible is the young brains ability t
22、o pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child, where the mother recognizes the signals in the childs babbli
23、ng, grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the childs non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language. 7 The pur
24、pose of Frederick II s experiment was_. （ A） to prove that children are born with the ability to speak （ B） to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech （ C） to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak （ D） to prove that a child cou
25、ld be damaged without learning a language 8 The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that_. （ A） they are incapable of learning language rapidly （ B） they are exposed to too much language at once （ C） their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak （ D） their
26、mothers are not intelligent enough to help them 9 What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that_. （ A） he is born with the capacity to speak （ B） he has a brain more complex than an animals （ C） he can produce his own sentences （ D） he owes his speech ability to good nursing 10 Which of the
27、 following can NOT be inferred from the passage? （ A） The faculty of speech is inborn in man. （ B） Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning. （ C） The childs brain is highly selective. （ D） Most children learn their language in definite stages. 11 If a child starts to s
28、peak later than others, he will_. （ A） have a high IQ （ B） be less intelligent （ C） be insensitive to verbal signals （ D） not necessarily be backward 12 What is most essential for children to start to learn languages? （ A） Good mothering. （ B） He must know 1,000 words to make sentences at three. （ C
29、） Mothers must be sensitive to childrens non-verbal signals. （ D） Children must start to learn a language very early. 12 A. Experimental therapy. B. New AIDS drugs. C. AIDS longevity. D. AIDS trend. E. Federal policy. Medical scientists continued to investigate ways to bring AIDS under control in 19
30、89 and 1990. The development of new drugs and the progress toward creating an AIDS vaccine generated hope among those infected with the disease. Nevertheless, AIDS continued to take an enormous toll On human life. 【 R1】 _ As of July 31,1990, there were 143,286 reported death according to the Centers
31、 for Disease Control(CDC)in Atlanta, Ga, More than 87,600 people had died of AIDS. The number of new AIDS cases grew by about 9 percent in 1989. This was the smallest annual increase since the CDC began tracking the disease in 1981. The US Public Health Service in June 1990 estimated that the number
32、 of diagnosed AIDS cases will climb to between 390,000 and 480,000 by 1994. About 1 million people in the United States are infected with HIV, which cause AIDS, The number of AIDS cases around the world also continued to grow. In June 1990, the World Health Organization projected that as many as 20
33、million people worldwide will be infected with the AIDS virus by the year 2000. 【 R2】 _ The FDA on Jan. 29, 1990, approved a drug called fluconazole for the treatment of AIDS-related conditions. The drug can treat two serious fungal infections common in AIDS patients. A promising experimental drug D
34、DI ran into problems in 1990. In March, researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases announced that six AIDS patients taking the drug had died of severe inflammation of the pancreas. This serious side effect was corroborated by two studies published in May. The researcher
35、s noted, however, that most of the side effects occurred at doses much higher than those now given to patients. Preliminary reports also showed that DDI could halt the replication of the AIDS virus and that it might be a useful alternative treatment for patients who could not tolerate the side effec
36、ts of AZT. 【 R3】 _ Researchers at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore reported in 1989 that they may have rid a patient of the AIDS virus. The researchers combined AZT treatment with bone marrow(髓 )transplantation in a man who had both AIDS and lymphoma, a type of cancer that occurs in
37、 the lymph(淋巴腺 )nodes. In the transplant procedure, physicians destroyed the mans bone marrow with radiation and chemotherapy and then gave him healthy bone marrow from a donor. The man, who later died of cancer, was apparently free of the AIDS virus when tested 32 days after the transplant. Althoug
38、h this first report of a way to eliminate HIV from a patients body seems-promising, experts cautioned that wide use of the technique may be impractical, and that more testing is needed. 【 R4】 _ The San Francisco Department of Public Health reported in January 1990 that people with AIDS are living lo
39、nger today, due to improved diagnosis and treatment with AZT. Patients taking the antiviral drug had a median life expectancy of about 21 months after diagnosis, compared with 14 months among those not taking the drug. Some AIDS patients in the San Francisco study had survived eight years after thei
40、r diagnosis. In June 1990, a National Cancer Institute report showed a sharp increase in the incidence of lymphoma among AIDS patients, presumably because their weakened immune system makes them more susceptible to this kind of cancer. Scientists planned to study whether AZT somehow contributes to t
41、he occurrence of lymphoma. 【 R5】 _ In a report to US President George Bush in April 1990, the National Commission on AIDS, a federal advisory group, compared the governments AIDS effort to “an orchestra without a conductor. “ The commission claimed that the federal government had not led an effectiv
42、e campaign against the disease, and it urged the Bush Administration to establish a national plan to attack the AIDS epidemic. One month later, on March 29, President Bush made his first major speech concerning AIDS since he took office. He asked Americans to show compassion toward individuals who a
43、re infected with HIV and said that government health agencies were on a “wartime footing“ against the disease. Bush also urged congressional approval of a bill that would ban discrimination against AIDS patients. Ryan White, who gained national attention for fighting both AIDS and the prejudice surr
44、ounding the disease, died of AIDS on April 8, 1990, at age 18. White came to prominence in 1985, when he successfully fought a legal battle against school officials near Kokomo, Ind. for the right to attend class despite his HIV infection. White eventually became an articulate advocate for children
45、with AIDS. In a statement presented after Whites death, President Bush said, “Ryans death reaffirms that we as a people must pledge to continue the fight, his fight, against this dreaded disease. “ 13 【 R1】 14 【 R2】 15 【 R3】 16 【 R4】 17 【 R5】 17 In the United States, it is not customary to telephone
46、 someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 pm. If someone receives
47、a call during sleeping hours, he assumes its a matter of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U. S. A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only t
48、hree or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in differen
49、t parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently; promptness is valued highly in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U.S. no one would think of keeping a business friend waiting for an hour; it would be too impolite. A person who is 5 minutes late is expected to make a short apology. If he is less than 5 minutes late, he will say a. few words of explanation, though perhaps he wi
