1、Designation: D7109 18Standard Test Method forShear Stability of Polymer-Containing Fluids Using aEuropean Diesel Injector Apparatus at 30 Cycles and 90Cycles1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adop
2、tion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the shearstability of polymer
3、-containing fluids. The test method mea-sures the viscosity loss, in mm2/s and percent, at 100 C ofpolymer-containing fluids when evaluated by a diesel injectorapparatus procedure that uses European diesel injector testequipment. The viscosity loss reflects polymer degradation dueto shear at the noz
4、zle. Viscosity loss is evaluated after both30 cycles and 90 cycles of shearing.NOTE 1This test method evaluates the shear stability of oils after both30 cycles and 90 cycles of shearing. For most oils, there is a correlationbetween results after 30 cycles and results after 90 cycles of shearing, but
5、this is not universal.NOTE 2Test Method D6278 uses essentially the same procedure with30 cycles only instead of both 30 cycles and 90 cycles. The correlationbetween results from this test method at 30 cycles and results from TestMethod D6278 has not been established.NOTE 3Test Method D2603 has been
6、used for similar evaluation ofshear stability; limitations are as indicated in the significance statement.No detailed attempt has been undertaken to correlate the results of this testmethod with those of the sonic shear test method.NOTE 4This test method uses test apparatus as defined in CECL-14-A-9
7、3. This test method differs from CEC-L-14-A-93 in the period oftime required for calibration.NOTE 5Test Method D5275 also shears oils in a diesel injectorapparatus but may give different results.NOTE 6This test method has different calibration and operationalrequirements than withdrawn Test Method D
8、3945.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theres
9、ponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific warning statements are given in Section 8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with
10、internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2
11、D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D2603 Test Method for Sonic Shear Stability of Polymer-Containing OilsD5275 Test Method for Fuel Injector Shear Stability Test(FISST) for Polymer Containing FluidsD6278 Test Method for Sh
12、ear Stability of Polymer Contain-ing Fluids Using a European Diesel Injector ApparatusD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System Performance2.2 Coordinated European Council (CEC) Standard:CEC L-14-A-93 Evaluation
13、of the Mechanical Shear Stabil-ity of Lubricating Oils Containing Polymers33. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 kinematic viscosity, na measure of the resistance toflow of a fluid under gravity.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 calibration pressure, nthe recorded gauge pressure
14、when calibration fluid RL233 undergoes a viscosity loss of2.70 mm2/s to 2.90 mm2/s when the recorded gauge pressure iswithin the range of 13.0 MPa to 18.0 MPa.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct respon
15、sibility ofSubcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published August 2018. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D7109 12. DOI:10.1520/D7109-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Cu
16、stomer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from CEC Secretariat, Interlynk Administrative Services, Ltd., LynkHouse, 17 Peckleton Lane, Desford, Leicestershire, LE9 9JU, United Kin
17、gdom.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
18、 established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.2 percent viscosity loss, nviscosity loss, as defined in3.2.3, divided by the pre-sheared visco
19、sity, and reported as apercent.3.2.3 viscosity loss, nthe loss in viscosity determined fromthe difference in kinematic viscosity at 100 C of pre-shearedand post-sheared fluid.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A polymer-containing fluid is passed through a dieselinjector nozzle at a shear rate that may re
20、duce its kinematicviscosity. The percent viscosity loss is a measure of themechanical shear stability of the fluid.NOTE 7This test method may also be used for oils not containingpolymer. It might not be known whether an oil submitted for test containsa polymer.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test me
21、thod evaluates the percent viscosity loss offluids resulting from physical degradation in the high shearnozzle device. Thermal or oxidative effects are minimized.5.2 This test method may be used for quality controlpurposes by manufacturers of polymeric lubricant additivesand their customers.5.3 This
22、 test method is not intended to predict viscosity lossin field service in different field equipment under widelyvarying operating conditions, which may cause lubricant vis-cosity to change due to thermal and oxidative changes, as wellas by the mechanical shearing of polymer. However, when thefield s
23、ervice conditions, primarily or exclusively, result in thedegradation of polymer by mechanical shearing, there may bea correlation between the results from this test method andresults from the field.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus consists of a fluid reservoir, a double-plunger pump with an electric m
24、otor drive, an atomizationchamber with a diesel injector spray nozzle, and a fluid coolingvessel, installed in an area with an ambient temperature of20 C to 25 C (68 F to 77 F). Fig. 1 shows the schematicrepresentation of equipment.46.1.1 Fluid ReservoirIn Fig. 1, the fluid reservoir (7) isopen on t
25、he top, has approximately a 250 mL capacity withgraduation of a maximum of 5 mL, has a 45 mm (1.772 in.)inner diameter, and is calibrated in units of volume. It is fittedwith an internal fluid distributor as detailed in Fig. 2.A40mm(1.575 in.) diameter watch glass with serrated edges is anacceptable
26、 distributor plate. The distributor reduces the ten-dency of fluid channeling. Temperature is measured by athermometer suspended in the center of the fluid reservoir. Thebottom of the thermometer bulb shall be 10 mm to 15 mmabove the entrance to the drain tube opening. Othertemperature-measuring equ
27、ipment positioned at the same lo-cation may also be used. The outlet is equipped with athree-way stopcock (8). The three-way stopcock is of a conetype with a nonexchangeable solid plug with an 8 mm(0.315 in.) nominal bore size. Transparent plastic tubing, (10)in Fig. 1, is used to connect the three-
28、way stopcock to the pumpinlet.6.1.2 Double-Plunger Injection PumpIn Fig. 1, the injec-tion pump (11) is defined as Bosch PE 2 A 90D 300/3 S2266.This pump is equipped with a stroke counter (15), ventingscrew (14), and a flow rate adjusting screw (12).6.1.3 Injection Pump, driven by a three-phase elec
29、tric motor(13) in Fig. 1, rated at a speed of 925 r min 6 25 r min.6.1.3.1 This motor runs at 925 r/min on the 50 Hz currentprevalent in Europe; it will run at approximately 1100 r min on60 Hz current. The 1100 r min speed is not acceptable in thisprocedure. A suitable means shall be taken to ensure
30、 theprescribed 925 r min 6 25 r min speed to the injection pump.One acceptable method is to usea6to5speed reducer.6.1.4 Outlet of Injection Pump, connected to the atomizationchamber using high pressure steel tubing. The atomizationchamber (2) in Fig. 1, is defined in more detail in Fig. 3.Tominimize
31、 foam generation, the spray chamber is designed sothat the fluid under test exits from the nozzle into a chamberfilled with the test fluid.Adrain tube (17) fitted with a two-way4Throughout, the numbers in parentheses refer to the legend in Fig. 1.Legend:(1) Spray nozzle(2) Atomization chamber(3) Out
32、let of the atomization chamber(4) Distributor plate(5) Fluid-cooling vessel(6) Three-way cock downstream of glass(7) Fluid reservoir(8) Three-way cock downstream of glass container(9) Support column(10) Connection with pump-suction opening(11) Double-plunger injection pump(12) Pump setting screw(13)
33、 Electric motor(14) Venting screw/pump(15) Stroke counter(16) Pressure tubing from pump to injector(17) Return line for overflowing liquid(18) Pressure sensing device(19) Drain line of atomization chamberFIG. 1 Apparatus for Shear Stability TestingD7109 182stopcock is included to minimize contaminat
34、ion from theprevious test during the system cleaning steps. The dieselinjector nozzle is a Bosch DN 8 S 2-type pintle nozzle injector,number 0434 200 012, installed in a Bosch KD 43 SA 53/15nozzle holder. The nozzle holder includes a filter cartridge.NOTE 8Exercise great care to avoid damage to the
35、precision parts ofthe fuel injection equipment (the plunger and barrel in the pump and thenozzle valve assembly). Service work on the equipment should beperformed by a diesel fuel injector pump specialist or with reference to themanufacturers service manual.5NOTE 9An unusually rapid rise in gauge pr
36、essure during testing maysignify filter blockage. When this occurs, the filter cartridge shall bereplaced.6.1.5 Pressure-sensing Device (18), such as a glycerol-filledpressure gauge or electronic, digital display pressure indicator,shall be installed and separated from the line by a pressuresnubber
37、or needle valve to suitably dampen pressure surges.The pressure-sensing device shall be able to take readings witha display resolution of at least 0.1 MPa when a glycerol-filledpressure gauge is being used, or to 0.01 MPa when anelectronic pressure device is employed. The pressure deviceshall be occ
38、asionally pressure tested to ensure accuracy.6.1.6 Fluid Cooling Vessel, (5) in Fig. 1), used to maintainthe specified temperature of the test fluid, as indicated at theoutlet of the fluid reservoir. This vessel is a glass container withexterior cooling jacket constructed so that the heat transfersu
39、rface of the jacket is spherical. The exterior jacket diameter,d1, is approximately 50 mm (1.969 in.). The interior heattransfer surface, d2, is approximately 25 mm (0.984 in.) indiameter. The overall length, L, is approximately 180 mm(7.087 in.). A distributor plate, similar in design to thedistrib
40、utor plate in the fluid reservoir, is positioned in the upperportion of the fluid cooling vessel to ensure contact betweenthe fluid and the cooling surface. The discharge from the fluidcooling vessel is through a three-way stopcock of the samedesign used on the discharge of the fluid reservoir. If u
41、sing arate-dependent chiller, the exterior cooling jacket shall besupplied with an adjustable volume of cold water.7. Materials7.1 Diesel Fuel (No. 2), initially required to adjust the dieselinjector nozzle valve opening pressure.7.2 Calibration Fluid, RL233, used to ensure that when theapparatus is
42、 adjusted within a prescribed pressure range, thecorrect viscosity loss is obtained.8. Hazards8.1 WarningUse a safety shield between the high-pressure components and the operator during use of equipment.8.2 WarningDuring operation, the line between thepump and nozzle, (16) in Fig. 1), is under a pre
43、ssure of at least13.0 MPa (130 bar or 1885 psi). Pressures above the upperlimit of 18.0 MPa (180 bar or 2611 psi) are possible if filterplugging occurs. Shut off the pump prior to tightening anyfitting that is not properly sealed.9. Sampling9.1 Approximately 650 mL of fluid is needed per test.9.2 Th
44、e test fluid shall be at room temperature, uniform inappearance, and free of any visible insoluble material prior toplacing it in the test equipment.9.3 Water and insolubles shall be removed before testing, orfilter blocking and nozzle wear may occur. Filter blocking canbe detected by a sudden chang
45、e in gauge pressure. Thetransport of insolubles to the shear zone will shorten nozzlelife.10. Calibration and Standardization10.1 Nozzle AdjustmentsIf the nozzle to be used is new orhas not been pre-calibrated, adjust the diesel injector nozzleholder with the nozzle in place. Adjust the nozzle using
46、 dieselfuel and a nozzle tester so that the valve opening pressure is13.0 MPa (1885 psi) under static conditions. If the nozzle hasbeen pre-calibrated with RL233 calibration oil, adjust the valveopening pressure to the calibration pressure prescribed, whichmust be between 13.0 MPa (1885 psi) and 18.
47、0 MPa(2611 psi).10.1.1 Install the nozzle and the nozzle holder in the testapparatus. The pintle/spray nozzle shall be tightly fitted in thechamber to avoid leakage of oil around the external surface ofthe spray nozzle.10.2 Measurement of Residual Undrained Volume, Vres:10.2.1 The residual undrained
48、 oil volume of the system isthe volume of the system between the three-way stopcockbelow the fluid reservoir (8) in Fig. 1, and the injector nozzleorifice (1). Vresdoes not include the atomization chambervolume. When the residual undrained volume is known, go to10.4.10.2.2 To determine residual undr
49、ained volume, first re-move as much fluid as possible by briefly running the pump.5Repair Instructions for Diesel Injection Pumps Size A, B, K and Z, BulletinWJP101/1 B EP, Robert Bosch GmbH, 2800 South 25thAve., Broadview, IL60153.NOTE 1Dimensions are given in millimeters.FIG. 2 Distributor PlateD7109 18310.2.3 Remove the high-pressure lines (16) in Fig. 1, anddrain. Remove the plug at the end of the pump gallery to drainthe remaining oil in the pump. Drain atomization chamber (2).10.2.4 Reassemble the system and close all drains. Theupper three-
