1、Designation: D 7143 05Standard Practice forEmission Cells for the Determination of Volatile OrganicEmissions from Indoor Materials/Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the c
2、ase of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThis practice complements Guide D5116and Practice D 6670.1. Scope1.1 This practice is in
3、tended for determining volatile or-ganic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and productsusing emission cells. It can be applied in principle to mostconstruction materials and many products used indoors. Ob-jectives include:1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end userswith emission dat
4、a useful for evaluating the impact of buildingproducts, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a modelroom.1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lowerVOC emissions.1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and fordetermining the area specific emission rate of VOCs fromnewly
5、produced building products under defined climate con-ditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, itis also possible to perform nondestructive emission measure-ments on building products on-site in buildings. However, theprocedur
6、e for such measurements is not described in thisstandard.1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-mance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emissiontesting. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to betested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.1.5
7、 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determina-tion of VOCs are described in Practice D 6196. Alternativesampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde andother carbonyls are described in Test Method D 5197.NOTE 1All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde canbe analyzed by
8、 either Practice D 6196 or by Test Method D 5197.NOTE 2Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specificobjectives.NOTE 3Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also beanalyzed (for example, ammonia).1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appen-dix X2 of this pract
9、ice.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD 1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relatingto Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD5116 Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-terminations of Organic Emissions from
10、 Indoor Materials/ProductsD 5197 Test Method for Determination of Formaldehydeand Other Carbonyl Compounds in Air (Active SamplerMethodology)D 5337 Practice for Flow Rate Calibration of PersonalSampling PumpsD 6196 Practice for Selection of Sorbents, Sampling andThermal Desorption Analysis Procedure
11、s for Volatile Or-ganic Compounds in AirD 6330 Practice for Determination of Volatile OrganicCompounds (Excluding Formaldehyde) Emissions fromWood-Based Panels Using Small Environmental Cham-bers under Defined Test ConditionsD 6670 Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination ofVolatile Organic Emi
12、ssions from Indoor Materials/Products2.2 Others Standards and Documents:EN 196-1 Methods of Testing CementPart 1: Determina-tion of StrengthEN 428 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Over-all ThicknessEN 430 Resilient Floor CoveringsDetermination of Massper Unit Area1This practice is under the
13、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
14、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.EN 927-1 Paints and VarnishesCoating Materials andCoating Systems f
15、or Exterior WoodEN 1937 Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smooth-ing and/or Leveling CompoundsStandard Mixing Pro-ceduresEN 13892-1 Methods of Test for Screed MaterialsPart 2:Sampling, Making, and Curing Specimens for TestEN ISO 3251 Paints and VarnishesDetermination of Non-Volatile Matter of
16、Paints, Varnishes, and Binders forPaints and VarnishesEN ISO 16017-1 Air QualitySampling and Analysis ofVolatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Indoor Airand Workplace Air by Sorbent Tube/Thermal Desorption/Capillary Gas ChromatographyPart 1: Pumped Sam-plingEN ISO DIS 13419-1 Building ProductsDe
17、termination ofthe Emission of Volatile Organic CompoundsPart 1:Emission Test Chamber MethodISO 554 Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/orTestingISO 1765 Machine-Made Textile Floor CoveringsDetermination of ThicknessISO 2811 Paints and varnishesDetermination of densityISO 3233 Paints and Varnis
18、hesDetermination of Percent-age Volume of Non-Volatile Matter by Measuring theDensity of a Dried CoatingISO 8543 Textile Floor CoveringsMethods for Determi-nation of MassISO 16000-6 Indoor airPart 6: Determination of VolatileOrganic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air byActive Sampling on Tenax
19、 TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FIDEPA-600/4-89/017 US EPA Compendium of Methods forDetermination of Toxic Organic Compounds in AmbientAir available through the National Technical InformationService, Springfield, VA22161; PB90-116989. This reportcontains US EPA Metho
20、d TO-17Determination of vola-tile organic compounds in ambient air using active sam-pling onto sorbent tubes.Nordtest NT Build 438 (1995) Building Materials: Emissionof Volatile ChemicalsField and Laboratory EmissionCell3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions and terms commonly usedin ASTM stan
21、dards, including this practice, refer to Terminol-ogy D 1356. For an explanation of general units, symbols andconversion factors, refer to Practice D 19143.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:For thepurposes of this standard, the following terms and definitionsapply.3.2.1 air change rat
22、ethe flow rate of clean, conditionedair into the cell divided by the cell volume; usually expressedin units of h1.3.2.2 area specific air flow rateratio between the supplyair flow rate and the area of the test specimen.3.2.3 emission cella portable device for the determinationof volatile organic com
23、pounds emitted from indoor materials/products.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThe emission cell is placed against thesurface of the test specimen, such that the surface of the testspecimen itself becomes part of the emission cell. This is thefundamental difference between emission cells and emissionchambers. The
24、air inlet of the emission cell is designed suchthat the flow of air is directed over the surface of the testspecimen.3.2.3.2 DiscussionAn example emission cell is describedin Appendix X2.3.2.4 product loading factorthe ratio of the test specimenarea and the emission cell volume.4. Summary of Practic
25、e4.1 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneousindoor materials/products, which present a planar surface to theemission cell.NOTE 4Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respectto sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, with either emissioncells or small emission chamb
26、ers, multiple measurements should be madefrom different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an averageemission measurement.4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface(wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooringproducts, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried
27、 adhesivelayers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planarsurface to the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, moldcultures in petri dishes, and so forth) are placed under theemission cell such that the test specimen itself forms one faceof the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is pas
28、sed into the cellthrough a baffle around the perimeter such that it passes overthe whole surface of the test specimen. The temperature andhumidity are closely controlled. As air passes over the testspecimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surface areswept away from the test specimen in the fl
29、ow of air. Theair/vapor exit (exhaust) point is usually located centrally,immediately above the test specimen surface, to avoid unsweptvolumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). Theexhaust air is fully mixed such that air sampled at the exit pointis representative of the air in the cell. Ap
30、proximately 80 % ofthe flow of air into the cell is pumped onto two sample tubes.The excess air is allowed to exhaust through an overflow ventto ensure that a slight positive pressure is maintained inside thecell to prevent ingress of background air.4.3 The air flow rate is set such that the air vel
31、ocity over thesurface of the test specimen has no effect on the area specificemission rate (see 6.4). The emissions tests are carried out atfixed times after preparation of the test specimen (for example,after 2 hours, 24 hours, 72 hours, 10 days, 28 days, 56 days, or182 days (26 weeks). Throughout
32、the entire test period, testpieces shall either be kept under the emission cell under theflow of pure, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-ventilated environment, under controlled conditions of tem-perature and humidity, with no risk of contamination fromother samples or other emission source
33、s.NOTE 5The air flow rate at the surface of the test specimen isparticularly critical for wet indoor materials/products where the primaryemission process is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, whileit will remain possible to compare emission data from wet samplescollected using similar
34、 emission cells under identical conditions, theD7143052non-uniformity and relative slowness of the air velocity at the surface ofthe test specimen, will make it difficult to compare emission cell data withthat obtained using an emission chamber (see Appendix X4).NOTE 6Similar limitations make it dif
35、ficult to compare emission datafrom two different small chambers or from the same chamber underdifferent operating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/curing stages of a wet product.4.4 The sample tubes used for collecting VOCs are analyzedby thermal desorption: gas chromatography
36、 (GC); usually withmass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID)to identify and quantify the target volatile organic compoundsas described in Practice D 6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1.The measured masses of volatile organic compounds retainedby the sorbent tubes are then used to dete
37、rmine the area specificemission rates of the material or product. Alternative samplingand analytical techniques are used for formaldehyde (and forother carbonyls) as described in Test Method D 5197.5. Significance and Use5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials usedfor construction wo
38、rks or in the indoor environment. The areaspecific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from anindoor material/product may be used to estimate the expectedcontribution of emissions from that material/product to theatmosphere of a given indoor environment.5.2 Emission data may also be used to
39、 compare and catego-rize different indoor materials/products of similar function.5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions mayalternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (forexample, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatileorganics by the indoor material/product)
40、 or emissions gener-ated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/productcaused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone orNOx).6. Principles6.1 General Principles6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)are calculated from the masses of target volatile organicco
41、mpounds collected on the sample tubes, the flow of airpumped through each sample tube, the total flow of air enteringthe emission cell, the duration of the test and the exposedsurface area of the test specimen. Area specific emission ratesat a given lapsed time (t) can also be expressed as a functio
42、n ofthe emission cell air concentrations for each VOC and the areaspecific air flow rate, q.6.1.2 Air velocity at the surface of the test specimen(Appendix X3 and Appendix X4) is a critical parameter for theanalysis of wet-applied indoor materials/products during thedrying/curing stage when the domi
43、nant emission mechanism isevaporation (external diffusion) (see 6.4).6.2 Using Emission Data to Estimate Contribution to Atmo-spheric VOC Concentration Indoors6.2.1 Provided the area specific air flow rate over the surfaceof the test specimen is similar to that found in the builtenvironment, and pro
44、vided the surface of the indoor material/product is sufficiently homogeneous to ensure that the area ofthe test specimen exposed in the emission cell is representativeof the whole; area specific emission rates determined by thesetests can be used to estimate the likely contribution toatmospheric VOC
45、 concentrations from that indoor material/product in real use, at time (t) after installation/application(assuming similar nominal conditions of temperature andhumidity).6.3 Intercomparison of Emission Data6.3.1 Provided the test conditions are duplicated, area spe-cific emission rate data generated
46、 from these tests may be usedfor comparison with area specific emission rate data producedfor the same or similar products by other laboratories usingsimilar emission cells.NOTE 7The principles described in 6.2 and 6.3 are true for allapplicable product types, whatever the dominant process of emissi
47、on.6.4 Effect of the Emission Mechanism on Test Data6.4.1 Provided the dominant emission mechanism is (inter-nal) diffusion, not evaporation (external diffusion), area spe-cific emission rate data will be broadly independent of airvelocity over the surface of the indoor material/product. Thiswill re
48、main true provided the surface air velocity exceeds theminimum velocity required to prevent build up of vapor-phasecontaminants at the surface of the indoor material/product (seeAppendix X4).6.4.2 Provided the dominant emission mechanism from amaterial/product is internal diffusion, it is therefore
49、possible tocompare area specific emission rates generated from emissioncells under different air flow conditions or to compare areaspecific emission rate data generated by emission cells withthat obtained using test chambers (D5116 or EN/ISO DIS13419-1.) (see Appendix X4).NOTE 8Evaporative emissions predominate during the drying/curingstages of wet-applied products and are significantly effected by thefollowing factors: sample conditioning procedures; timing of the test;loading factor (and related vapor concentration within the cell); and airvelocity o
