1、Designation: D 7180 05Standard Guide forUse of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Geofoam inGeotechnical Projects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7180; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers some of the basic considerations forthe use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam in geotechni-cal proje
3、cts.1.2 This guide offers a collection of information and doesnot recommend a course of action. This guide cannot replaceeducation or experience and should be used in conjunction withprofessional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may beapplicable in all circumstances.1.3 This guide is not inte
4、nded to represent or replace thestandard of care by which the adequacy of a given professionalservice must be judged, nor should this guide be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects.1.4 The word “standard” in the title of this guide means onlythat this guide has been approved
5、 through the ASTM Interna-tional consensus process.1.5 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility
6、of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 4439 Terminology for GeosyntheticsD 6817 Specification for Rigid Cellular Polystyrene Geo-foam3. Ter
7、minology3.1 DefinitionsTerms used in this guide are defined inTerminology D 4439.3.1.1 geofoam, nblock or planar rigid cellular foam poly-meric material used in geotechnical engineering applications.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 expanded polystyrene, ntype of foamed plasti
8、cformed by the expansion of polystyrene resin beads in amolding process.3.3 Acronyms:3.3.1 EPS, nexpanded polystyrene3.3.2 EPS geofoam, nrigid cellular polystyrene geofoammanufactured from EPS4. Summary of Guide4.1 EPS geofoam is commonly used in geotechnical appli-cations when an extremely lightwei
9、ght material is required.This guide covers some of the considerations that must beevaluated in the design of these projects.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide informs the user of design considerations inthe use of EPS geofoam which assist in the determination ofthe appropriate EPS geofoam for geo
10、technical applications.5.2 This guide does not preclude the judgment and practiceof those competent in geotechnical design.6. Design Principles6.1 Design Considerations:6.1.1 Compressive Properties:6.1.1.1 The compressive resistance of EPS geofoam iscovered by Specification D 6817. The compressive r
11、esistancefor geofoam is specified in Specification D 6817 and includesthe compressive behavior of EPS geofoam at 1, 5, and 10 %strain.6.1.1.2 A typical limit for many EPS geofoam projects is toconsider the compressive resistance at 1 % strain. The com-pressive behavior at 1 % strain is within the el
12、astic region ofEPS geofoam and provides acceptable short-term deflections inaddition to limiting long-term creep deformation.6.1.1.3 Creep deformations must be accounted for whenlong-term loads exceed the compressive resistance at 1 %strain.1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35
13、on Geosyntheticsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability andFiltration.Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published July 2005.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book o
14、f ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.6.1.1.4 At a compressive resistance of 5 % strain, EPSgeofoam is beyond the elastic b
15、ehavior region and is in theplastic behavior region.6.1.2 Compressive Resistance TestingThe compressiveresistance described in 6.1.1 is determined from the uniformloading of 50-mm (2-in.) cubes at a prescribed loading rate.6.1.3 Load Distribution RequirementsIn applications withlocalized loading exc
16、eeding the compressive resistance at 1 %strain, a number of strategies can be used to reduce theeffective load on the EPS geofoam. A common method is theuse of a concrete slab with suitable reinforcement to distributethe load to levels below the compressive resistance at 1 %strain. A sufficient dept
17、h of cover material may also be used toreduce the project loads below the compressive resistance at1 % strain.6.1.4 Subgrade RequirementsEPS geofoam is usually in-stalled on a relatively planar surface. Subgrade preparationrequirements must be specified by the designer.6.1.5 LayoutEPS geofoam is pro
18、vided in block form. Thelayout for the materials is often accomplished through the useof multiple layer design.Alternating layers of EPS geofoam areoften staggered to avoid differential block-to-block movement.EPS geofoam blocks vary in size for each manufacturer. EPSgeofoam block can be supplied as
19、 manufactured or trimmed tospecified dimensions. Consult the EPS geofoam supplier todetermine the dimension of EPS geofoam to optimize blockplacement and for fabrication options. Multiple EPS geofoamtypes can be sourced for use in a layered design to improveproject costs.6.1.6 TolerancesDimensional
20、tolerances are included inSpecification D 6817.6.1.7 BuoyancyEPS is a lightweight material with aclosed cell structure that does not allow for significant waterabsorption. The buoyancy must be fully accounted for indesigns that include the use of EPS geofoam in submergedapplications. This should inc
21、lude the potential for 100-yearflood events. Common methods to counteract buoyancy are theuse of sufficient overburden or mechanical restraint.6.1.8 Thermal Insulation PropertiesThe thermal insulat-ing properties of EPS must be considered in areas subject tofreezing temperatures. In these areas, a s
22、ufficient cover oftraditional fill material must be provided above the EPSgeofoam to reduce differential surface icing between EPSgeofoam and adjacent traditional fill locations.6.1.9 Ultraviolet Light ExposureEPS geofoam will dis-color and yellow when exposed for extended time periods. EPSgeofoam e
23、xpected to be exposed for long periods of timeshould be covered with an opaque material.6.1.10 FlammabilityEPS geofoam is a combustible mate-rial. EPS geofoam should be kept away from open flames,welding, sparks, and other possible sources of ignition.6.1.11 Exposure to HydrocarbonsEPS geofoam is su
24、bjectto degradation when exposed directly to or to the vapors ofmany hydrocarbons such as gasoline and diesel fuel. EPSgeofoam should be protected from possible exposure to thesematerials during construction and throughout the design life ofthe project. This could include possible hydrocarbon soilco
25、ntaminants that may be present before construction. EPSgeofoam can be protected from hydrocarbons by the use of ahydrocarbon-resistant geomembrane or through other physicalbarriers.6.2 Quality Control:6.2.1 CertificationProject specifications shall includethird-party certification to Specification D
26、 6817 requirementsor as required by project needs.6.2.2 Field SamplingField sampling shall be specified toensure ongoing dimensional tolerances and density. A mini-mum frequency of density checks at the site shall be specifiedto coordinate with material shipments. Third-party testing ofSpecification
27、 D 6817 compressive resistance properties beforeproject initiation and at regular intervals throughout the projectis also recommended.7. Keywords7.1 EPS; EPS geofoam; expanded polystyrene; geofoam;rigid cellular polystyreneBIBLIOGRAPHYThe references listed below provide additional information on the
28、 use of EPS geofoam in geotechnical projects.NoteThese reference documents were developed before Specification D 6817 and therefore may include EPS geofoam property values inconflict with Specification D 6817. Specification D 6817, as developed through the ASTM International consensus process, is th
29、erecommended standard specification for EPS geofoam.(1) “Geofoam Stabilization of an Embankment SlopeA Case Study ofRoute 23A in the Town of Jewett, Greene County,” GeotechnicalEngineering Bureau, New York Department of Transportation,Albany,NY, 1998.(2) Horvath, J. S., Ph.D., P.E., Geofoam Geosynth
30、etic, Horvath Engineer-ing, P.C., Scarsdale, NY, 1995.(3) NCHRP Report 529, “Guideline and Recommended Standard forGeofoam Applications in Highway Embankments,” TransportationResearch Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC, 2004.(4) Negussey, Dawit, “Slope Stabilization with Geofoam,” Geofo
31、amResearch Center, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 2002.D7180052ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any
32、such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are inv
33、ited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received
34、 a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).D7180053
