1、Designation: D 7386 08Standard Practice forPerformance Testing of Packages for Single Parcel DeliverySystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7386; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating, ina laboratory, the ability of shipping units, weighing up to but
3、not exceeding 150 lb (68 kg), intended for the single parceldelivery system to withstand the hazards associated with thedistribution environment. This is accomplished by subjectingthem to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipatedhazard elements encountered in the distribution cycles. Thisp
4、ractice is not intended to supplant material specifications orexisting pre-shipment test procedures.1.2 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardousmaterials has not been determined.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses ar
5、e mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety
6、and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in 1.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-tainers by Spray MethodD 996 Terminology of Packaging an
7、d Distribution Environ-mentsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingD 5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact TestingD 5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Con-tainers by Shock MachinesD 6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of UnitizedLoads and La
8、rge Shipping Cases and CratesD 6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to TransportPackagesD 6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of HighAltitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsGeneral definitions for the packaging anddistribution environments are found
9、in Terminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acceptance criteriathe acceptable quality level thatmust be met after the shipping unit has been subjected to thetest plan. See Section 7.3.2.2 assurance levelthe level of test intensity based onits probability of occurrin
10、g in a typical shipment.3.2.3 hazard elementa specific event that occurs in ashipment that may pose a hazard to a shipping unit. Theelement will usually be simulated by a single test schedule. SeeSection 9.3.2.4 shipping unitthe smallest complete unit that will besubjected to the distribution enviro
11、nment, for example, ashipping container and its contents.3.2.5 single parcel delivery systemdistribution carrier thattransports packages weighing up to 150 lb through groundand/or air transport systems.3.2.6 test plana specific listing of the test sequence to befollowed to simulate the hazards antic
12、ipated during the distri-bution cycle of a shipping unit. Included will be the testintensity and number of sequential tests to be conducted. See8.1.3.2.7 test schedulethe specific procedure to be used,including the three assurance level intensities (if applicable),and a reference to the test method
13、that is the basis of theschedule.3.2.8 unitizing baga bag made of a poly material, mea-suring approximately 39 by 27 in. (991 by 686 mm), used tocontain and transport several small sized packages and enve-lopes.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the dir
14、ect responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers andSystems - Application of Performance Test Methods.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2008. Published March 2008.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org.
15、 For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice provides a guide for the e
16、valuation ofshipping units in accordance with a uniform system, usingestablished test methods at levels representative of thoseoccurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levelsare based on available information on the shipping andhandling environment, and current industry/government prac
17、-tice and experience. The tests should be performed sequentiallyon the same containers in the order given. For use as aperformance test, this practice requires that the shipping unittested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are com-pleted. If used for other purposes, such as package develop
18、-ment, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping units atvarious times throughout the sequence. This may, however,prohibit evaluating the influence of the container closure oncontainer performance.5. Test Specimen5.1 Test specimens consist of representative samples ofcomplete shipping units, inc
19、luding actual contents. Productswith blemishes or minor defects may be used if the defectivecomponent is not to be studied by the test and if the defect isdocumented in the report. Dummy or simulated test loads areacceptable if testing the actual product might be hazardous. Ifa dummy load is used, i
20、t should be instrumented to determineif the fragility level of the actual product has been exceeded.Take care to duplicate the load characteristics of the actualproduct, and to avoid unnecessary handling.5.2 Care must be taken to ensure that no degradation hasoccurred to either the product or the pa
21、ckage if the testpackages have been shipped to the test site. If any doubt existsas to the condition of the package, repack the product in newpackaging material before testing.5.3 The number of test replications depends on the desiredobjectives of the testing and the availability of duplicateproduct
22、s and shipping containers. Replicate testing is recom-mended to improve the reliability of the test results.5.4 Identification of Package Test Specimen Members:5.4.1 Small Containers Bagged for Transport by Carrier,Sacks and BagsSmall packaged products (smaller than800 in.3(13 110 cc) and less than
23、10 lb (4.5 kg) and the longestdimension of the package is 14 in. (356 mm) or less) shippedthrough the single package environment are traditionally unit-ized with other packaged-products in transport bags by theparcel delivery carriers. The procedure for the identification ofthe members of packaged-p
24、roducts defined as test sampleTS-1 (bags and sacks) as shown in Fig. 1 shall be as follows:5.4.1.1 With the empty unitizing bag laying flat:(1) Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.(2) Turn the bag over and mark the opposite face as Face 3.(3) Label the opening of the bag as Face 2.(4) Labe
25、l the opposite end of Face 2 as Face 4.(5) Label one of the side faces as Face 5.(6) Label the opposite side face as Face 6.5.4.1.2 Place the test specimen in the center of the unitizingbag along with the following:(1) Three express envelopes from a carrier such as USPS,FedEx, or UPS, each filled wi
26、th 25 sheets of copy paper.(2) One padded mailer measuring 10.5 by 14.0 in. (267 by356 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper.(3) One padded mailer measuring 12.5 by 15.0 in. (317 by381 mm) filled with 50 sheets of copy paper.(4) One each of the following box sizes in the followingtable are constru
27、cted from single wall 32 ECT or 200 burstingtest corrugated fiberboard, with all void space filled with paper,sand, foam, etc. to achieve the specified weight and to preventshifting of the dummy packages.Box Size Specified Weight8 by 5 by 2 in. (203 by 127 by 51 mm) 1 lb (0.4 kg)9 by 6 by 2 in. (229
28、 by 152 by 51 mm) 1 lb (0.4 kg)11 by 11 by 4 in. (279 by 279 by 102 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)11 by 8 by 4 in. (279 by 203 by 102 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)7 by 6 by 4 in. (179 by 152 by 102 mm) 4 lb (1.8 kg)12 by 12 by 3 in. (305 by 305 by 76 mm) 4 lb (1.8 kg)8 by 8 by 8 in. (203 by 203 by 203 mm) 10 lb (4.5 kg)6 by
29、 6 by 6 in. (152 by 152 by 152 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg )10 by 5 by 5 in. (254 by 127 by 127 mm) 2 lb (0.9 kg)5.4.2 Rectangular ContainersThe procedure for identifi-cation of the members (faces, edges, and corners) of rectangu-lar containers as shown in Fig. 2 shall be as follows:5.4.2.1 Place the container
30、 in its most stable riding orienta-tion with one of the smallest faces directly in front of theobserver.5.4.2.2 Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.5.4.2.3 Label the right side as Face 2.5.4.2.4 Label the bottom as Face 3.5.4.2.5 Label the left side as Face 4.5.4.2.6 Label the end nearest
31、the observer as Face 5.5.4.2.7 Label the end farthest from the observer as Face 6.5.4.3 Cylindrical ContainersThe procedure for identifica-tion of the members (top, bottom, sidewall, and chimes) ofcylindrical containers as shown in Fig. 3 shall be as follows:5.4.3.1 Place the container in its intend
32、ed shipping position.5.4.3.2 Label the surface that is facing up as Face 1.5.4.3.3 Turn the container over and label the opposite side(bottom) as Face 3.FIG. 1 Members of Sacks and Bags FIG. 2 Members of Rectangular ContainersD73860825.4.3.4 Draw two perpendicular lines across the diameter ofthe con
33、tainer on Faces 1 and 3. Connect the lines so there arefour equidistant lines on the sidewall of the container.5.4.3.5 Label the line to the observers right as Face 2.5.4.3.6 Label the line on the observers left as Face 4.5.4.3.7 Label the line nearest the observer as Face 5.5.4.3.8 Label the line f
34、arthest from the observer as Face 6.6. Conditioning6.1 Conduct the test at standard conditions and compensatefor the effects of any climatic condition. Condition containersin accordance with Practice D 4332 and document the actualconditions used. A conditioning period of 72 h, or sufficienttime to r
35、each equilibrium of all parts of the package andproduct is recommended. Tests should be conducted in theconditioned atmosphere whenever possible. If not possible,conduct the tests as soon after removal from the conditioningatmosphere as practicable. Recondition the shipping units tothe standard atmo
36、sphere as necessary during the test plan.6.2 In some circumstances, it may be necessary to conductsome or all of the tests at special climatic conditions, such asthose given in Practice D 4332, or Test Method D 951,orothers (salt, spray, water immersion, humidity, or temperature).The same climatic c
37、ondition should be used for any assurancelevel. A conditioning period of 24 h, or sufficient time to reachequilibrium of all parts of the package and product is recom-mended. Tests should be conducted in the conditioned atmo-sphere whenever possible. If not possible, conduct the tests assoon after r
38、emoval from the conditioning atmosphere aspracticable. Recondition the shipping units as necessary duringthe test plan.7. Acceptance Criteria7.1 Acceptance criteria must be established prior to testingand should consider the required condition of the product atreceipt. The organizations conducting t
39、he test may choose anyacceptance criteria suitable for their purpose. It is advisable tocompare the type and quantity of damage that occurred to thetest specimens with the damage that occurs during actualdistribution and handling or with test results of similar con-tainers whose shipping history is
40、known.7.2 In many cases, the acceptance criteria can be thefollowing:Criterion 1Product is damage-free.Criterion 2Package is intact.Criterion 3Both criteria 1 and 2.7.2.1 Often, this means that the shipping container and itscontents are suitable for normal sale and use at the completionof the test c
41、ycle. Detailed acceptance criteria may allow foraccepting specified damage to a product or its package. Theform and content of acceptance criteria may vary widely, inaccordance with the particular situation. Methods may rangefrom simple pass-fail judgments to highly quantitative scoringor analysis s
42、ystems.8. Hazard Elements and Test Schedules for Single ParcelShipments8.1 The Hazard Elements and Test Schedules are catego-rized as follows:Schedule Hazard Element Test SectionA Handlingmanual and automated Drop, impact 10D Vibration Vibration andVibration under load11I Impact, stability Bridged i
43、mpact 12J Impact, stability Hazard impact 13K Low pressure High altitude 14L Impacts, punctures Concentrated impacts 15M Impacts Tip-over impacts 16N Drops Rotational edge drops 179. Procedure9.1 Describe shipping unit in terms of size, weight, andform of construction. See 3.2.6. Use the following c
44、riteria todefine the package test sample(s).9.1.1 Is the test specimen smaller than 800 in.3(13 110 cc)AND less than 10 lb (4.5 kg)AND the longest dimension of thepackage is 14 in. (356 mm) or less AND the carrier unitizessmall and light shipping units in a bag with other small andlight shipping uni
45、ts?9.1.1.1 If Yes, the test specimen is defined as TS-1.9.1.1.2 If No, proceed to 9.1.2.9.1.2 Is the test specimens shortest dimension 8 in.(203 mm) or less, AND the next shortest dimension is four (4)or more times larger than the shortest dimension AND thecubic volume of the package is more than 80
46、0 in.3(13 110 cc)?9.1.2.1 If Yes, the test specimen is defined as TS-2.9.1.2.2 If No, proceed to 9.1.3.9.1.3 Is the test specimens longest dimension 36 in.(914 mm) or more AND both the other dimensions are 20 % orless of that of the longest dimension?9.1.3.1 If Yes, the test specimen is defined as T
47、S-3.9.1.3.2 If No, the test specimen is defined as TS-4.9.1.4 See flow chart in Fig. 4 for description and examplesfor package description and type determination.9.2 Determine Acceptance CriteriaAcceptance criteriaare related to the desired condition of the product and packageat the end of the distr
48、ibution cycle. See Section 7.9.3 Write Test PlanPrepare a test plan by using thesequence presented in Table 1 for the test specimen defined in8.1.9.4 Select Samples for TestSee Section 5.9.5 Condition SamplesSee Section 6.9.6 Perform TestsPerform tests as directed in referenceASTM standards and as f
49、urther modified in the specialinstructions for each test schedule.9.7 Evaluate ResultsEvaluate results to determine if theshipping units meet the acceptance criteria. See Section 7.FIG. 3 Members of Cylindrical ContainersD73860839.8 Document Test ResultsDocument test results by re-porting each step. See Section 18.9.9 Monitor ShipmentsWhen possible, obtain feedbackby monitoring shipments of the container that was tested toensure that the type and quantity of damage obtained by thelaboratory testing correlates with the damage that occurs in thedistribution
