1、Designation: D 7387 07Standard Test Method forVibration Testing of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs)Used for Shipping Liquid Hazardous Materials (DangerousGoods)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7387; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforigin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers vibration testing of filledintermediate
3、bulk containers (IBCs) intended to contain liquidhazardous materials (dangerous goods) and is suitable fortesting IBCs of any design or material with any means ofclosure. This test method has been used by the United StatesDepartment of Transportation (DOT) to test and qualify IBCsfor shipping hazard
4、ous materials. The test method is used todetermine that the IBCs maintain integrity and to preventleakage or spillage of contents during shipping. This testmethod should be used as a screening tool or as a designqualification test. Other vibration methods are available tomore closely simulate vibrat
5、ion experienced in transportation.1.2 This test method is appropriate for testing IBCs rangingfrom 450 to 3000 L (119 to 793 gal). Packagings of smallersizes should be tested using Test Methods D 999 or otherapplicable methods.1.3 The ISO 2247 standard may not meet the requirementsfor this test meth
6、od.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish
7、appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-mentsD 999 Test Methods for V
8、ibration Testing of ShippingContainersD 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-tainers and SystemsD 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, orPackaging Components for TestingE 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Avera
9、ge for aCharacteristic of a Lot or Process2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 2247 PackagingComplete, Filled TransportPackagesVibration Test at Fixed Low Frequency2.3 Regulatory Documents:4CFR 49 United States Department of Transportation Codeof Federal Regulations Title 49, Transportation, Parts1001992.4 United
10、 Nations Document:5United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dan-gerous GoodsModel Regulations3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods, seeTerminology D 996.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 double amplitude, nthe maximum value of a sinu-s
11、oidal quantity (peak-to-peak).3.2.2 repetitive shock, nimpacts of a package on a testplatform which occur cyclically from input oscillatory motion.3.2.3 resonance, nfor the purposes of this test method,resonance is obtained when the input frequency of the tablecauses excessive, violent, and uncontro
12、llable movement of theIBC. Testing at this frequency over an extended period of timeis overly severe and may cause damage and failure to thecontainer not likely to be experienced in transportation.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 onPackaging and is the direct respons
13、ibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Physical TestMethods.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2007. Published November 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer
14、to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE,
15、 Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.5Available from United Nations, 866 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY10017.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Significance and Use4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to
16、 complex dynamicstresses when subjected to vibration present in transportationvehicles.Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage,experienced in shipping may require subjecting the contain-er(s) and contents to vibration inputs.4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe andmay lead
17、 to failure of the container and spillage or leakage ofcontents. Identification of critical frequencies and the nature ofpackage stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of theseoccurrences.4.3 This vibration test is based on methods currently usedfor the qualification of IBCs in CFR 49 and has dem
18、onstratedsuccessful use in transportation.4.4 Exposure to vibration can affect the shipping container,its means of closure, and its contents. This test method allowsanalysis of the interaction of these components. Design modi-fication to one or more of these components may be utilized toachieve opti
19、mum performance in the shipping environment.4.5 This test method is suitable for individual filled contain-ers that are transported unrestrained on the bed of a vehicle.4.6 This test method is not intended for testing intermediatebulk containers at a frequency that causes the container to gointo res
20、onance.5. Apparatus5.1 Vertical Motion Vibration MachineThis test is to beconducted with vibration test equipment that provides verticalvibration, and is capable of producing frequencies in the rangeof 2 to at least 5 Hz, with a fixed double amplitude displace-ment of 25 mm (1 in.) 6 1 mm. The test
21、machine shall have aplatform with a known mass and with a horizontal surface ofsufficient strength and rigidity so that all points of the surfacewill follow the vertical motion of the supporting structure whenloaded with the IBC. The test surface shall protrude beyond theIBC on all sides and shall h
22、ave hardness adequate for itsintended use (recommend at least equal to oak wood) firmlyattached to a mild steel structure. The platform shall besupported by a mechanism that moves the platform so themotion is a vertical sinusoidal input. (A rotary motion of theplatform is not acceptable.) The vibrat
23、ion test machine shall beequipped with fences, barricades, or other restraints to keep theIBC from falling off the platform without restricting its verticalmotion.5.1.1 ShimA metal shim with the following specificationis used in determining when the shipping container is leavingthe testing platform
24、by a sufficient amount:5.1.1.1 Width50 mm (2.0 in.) minimum.5.1.1.2 Thickness1.6 mm (116 in.).5.1.1.3 Length254 mm (10 in.) minimum.5.2 Fig. 1 shows an intermediate bulk container on a testapparatus.5.3 InstrumentationInstrumentation of the test unit andtable as described below is not required but m
25、ay be used toobtain additional data.5.3.1 Accelerometers, signal conditioners, and data displayor storage devices may be used to measure and control theaccelerations at the test surface or on various locations of theintermediate bulk container to measure response. They are notrequired to conduct the
26、 test.5.3.2 If an instrumentation system is used, it is recom-mended that it shall have a response accurate to within 65%over the range specified for the test.5.3.3 Accelerometers should be small and light weightenough as to not influence the response of the item beingmeasured nor influence the resu
27、lts of the test. Detailed infor-mation on suitable instrumentation may be found in the Shockand Vibration Handbook.66. Safety Precautions6.1 This test method may produce severe mechanicalresponses from the IBC. Therefore, fences, barricades, andother restraints must have sufficient strength and must
28、 beadequately secured to prevent excess horizontal movement ofthe IBC. Operating personnel must remain alert to potentialhazards and take necessary precautions for their safety. Stopthe test immediately if a dangerous condition should develop.For example, causing the container to go into resonance d
29、uringtesting may result in uncontrollable responsive bouncing. Thismay also lead to a dangerous situation, overtesting, or prema-ture failure, and safety issues to testing personnel and equip-ment.7. Test Specimens7.1 The test specimen shall consist of a sample of theintermediate bulk container, rep
30、resentative for the design type,closed as intended for shipment and filled with water (waterand antifreeze solution with a specific gravity between 0.95and 1.05 is acceptable) as a standard test medium. IBCs withblemishes or minor dents may be used if the defect does notaffect the validity of the te
31、st and the defects are recorded prior6Harris, C. M., Shock and Vibration Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY,1988, Chapter 16.FIG. 1 Intermediate Bulk Container Test Specimen on VibrationMachineD7387072to the test. Prototype IBCs may be used for developmentaltesting when necessary, but may not be us
32、ed for final designqualification testing.7.2 Sensors and transducers may be applied with the mini-mum possible alteration of the test specimen, to obtain data onthe response of the container.7.3 Sample size will be based on the applicable standard orregulatory requirement. Whenever sufficient contai
33、ners andcontents are available, it is recommended that three or morereplicate tests be conducted to improve the statistical reliabilityof the data obtained (see Practice E 122).8. Conditioning8.1 Condition IBCs prior to the test or during the test, orboth, in accordance with the requirements of the
34、applicablespecification. When no conditioning requirements are given,and the container materials are climatically sensitive, a condi-tioning atmosphere is recommended (see Practice D 4332 forstandard and special conditions).8.2 For IBC types 31A, 31B, 31N, 31H1, 31H2, 31HA1,31HB1, 31HN1, 31HA2, 31HB
35、2, 31HN2 and 31HH2, thefollowing standard conditioning requirements shall be ob-served during the test:8.2.1 Atmospheric temperature and temperature of the testmedium between 15C and 20C, and8.2.2 Relative humidity (r.h.) between 30 % and 70 %,8.3 For IBC types 31HC1, 31HD1, 31HF1, 31HG1 and31HD2, t
36、he following standard conditioning requirements shallbe observed for at least 24 h prior and during the test (see6.5.6.3.1 of United Nations Model Regulations):23 6 2C and 50 % 6 2 % r.h., or20 6 2C and 65 % 6 2 % r.h., or27 6 2C and 65 % 6 2 % r.h.8.3.1 If documented in the test report, more string
37、entconditioning is allowed prior and during the test in comparisonto these standard requirements.9. Procedure9.1 Place the shipping container on the test machine plat-form in its normal shipping orientation. The shipping containershould be centered on the platform.9.2 Restraining devices are require
38、d to prevent the containerfrom moving horizontally off the test platform or to preventexcessive rocking. Restraining devices may affect the verticalmovement of the shipping container and attention should begiven to how restraints are used and where they are placed.Extremely high forces may develop d
39、uring the test, so thestrength of the restraining device should be sufficient to stopthe container from vibrating off of the platform in the horizon-tal direction. If the test equipment incorporates a backstop(fence), the shipping container should not be placed directlyagainst the backstop. Placing
40、the shipping container directlyagainst the backstop may affect the dynamic movement of theshipping container during the test. It is recommended toprovide a maximum clearance of 50 mm between the interme-diate bulk container and the restraining device in each hori-zontal direction of movement at the
41、start of the test.9.3 Orient and adjust the restraining devices to allow freehorizontal movement of the container.9.4 Start the vibration of the platform at a frequency ofapproximately 2 Hz, and steadily increase the frequency. Afterthe container initially begins to separate from the platform, thete
42、st frequency should be adjusted to maximize the number ofpoints at which the shim can be inserted under the containerwithout causing the container to go into resonance.NOTE 1The separation of the intermediate bulk container from theplatform may not be visually apparent but in most situations a chang
43、e inthe sound the container makes, due to the container leaving the platform,may assist in indicating the appropriate test frequency. However, the shimmust be used in all tests to determine the proper test frequency.NOTE 2Caution should be used when determining the proper testfrequency. Inserting th
44、e shim underneath the shipping container maycause excessive movement of the IBC.9.5 The shim must be inserted a minimum of 100 mm (4.0in.) under the IBC when determining the proper test frequency.It may be necessary to apply slight horizontal force to insert themetal shim under the intermediate bulk
45、 container.9.6 The location of the shim placement must be describedand recorded. It is recommended that at least two corners of theintermediate bulk container leave the test platform. The place-ment of the shim and a description of the separation of the IBCfrom the platform should be included as par
46、t of the test report.9.7 The shim must be capable of being inserted between theIBC and test platform throughout the duration of the test.Periodically check to make sure the proper separation ismaintained. Adjustments to the test frequency may be neededto maintain proper separation of the IBC because
47、 of the IBCshifting and movement or physical changes to the IBC. Whenadjustments are made they should be recorded.9.8 Continue the test at the test frequency for the length oftime stated in the applicable specification, if any, or for apredetermined period, or until a predetermined amount ofdamage m
48、ay be detected. The test may be stopped momentarilyto inspect for damage.NOTE 3When no test duration is specified, a test duration of1hisrecommended. Practice D 4169 may also be referred to for test durations.9.9 Inspect the container and its contents and record anydamage or deterioration resulting
49、from the test.10. Report10.1 The report shall include the following:10.1.1 Identification and description of the intermediatebulk containers tested including the capacity, mass, dimen-sions, materials of construction and any other pertinent detailsand a reference to the design type specification.10.1.2 Purpose of the test and the applicable performancespecification, if any.10.1.3 Test frequency and duration used.10.1.4 Verification of compliance with the test method ordescribe any deviations.10.1.5 Number of replications of each test.10.1.6 Conditioning parameter
