1、Designation: D7392 07 (Reapproved 2013)Standard Practice forPM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers toCertify Conformance with Design and PerformanceSpecifications for Cement Plants1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7392; the number immediately following the designation in
2、dicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the procedure for c
3、ertifying par-ticulate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors(BLDs) that are used to monitor particulate matter (PM)emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants thatburn hazardous waste. It includes design specifications, perfor-mance specifications, test procedures, and information
4、 require-ments to ensure that these continuous monitors meet minimumrequirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM con-centrations to indicate the need for inspection or correctiveaction of the types of air pollution control devices that are usedat Portland cement plants that burn hazardous
5、 waste.1.2 This practice applies specifically to the originalmanufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture,or resale of PMDs or BLDs.1.3 This practice applies to (a) wet or dry process cementkilns equipped with electrostatic precipitators, and (b) dryprocess kilns, including pre-he
6、ater pre-calciner kiln systems,equipped with fabric filter controls. Some types of monitoringinstruments are suitable for only certain types of applications.NOTE 1This practice has been developed based on careful consider-ation of the nature and variability of PM concentrations, effluentconditions,
7、and the type, configuration, and operating characteristics of airpollution control devices used at Portland cement plants that burnhazardous waste.1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systemssubject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63,Subpart EEE.NOTE 2The level of the PM em
8、ission limit is relevant to the designand selection of appropriate PMD and BLD instrumentation. The currentpromulgated PM emission standards (70 FR 59402, Oct. 12, 2005) are: (a)65 mg/dscm at 7 % O2(0.028 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 30mg/acm (0.013 gr/acf) for “existing sources” and (b) 5.3
9、mg/dscm at 7 %O2(0.0023 gr/dscf at 7 % O2) or approximately 2.5 mg/acm (0.001 gr/acf)for “new sources.” On March 23, 2006 (71 FR 14665) EPA proposed torevise the PM standard for new cement plants to 15.9 mg/dscm at 7 % O2(0.0069 gr/dscf at 7 % O2), or about 6-9 mg/acm (0.0026-0.0039 gr/acf).The emis
10、sion standards may change in future rulemakings, so users of thispractice should check the current regulations. Some types of monitoringinstruments are not suitable for use over the range of emissions encoun-tered at both new and existing sources.1.5 The specifications and test procedures contained
11、in thispractice exceed those of the United States EnvironmentalProtection Agency (USEPA). For each monitoring device thatthe manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice,the manufacturer may issue a certificate that states thatmonitoring device conforms with all of the applicable designand
12、 performance requirements of this practice and also meetsall applicable requirements for PMDs or BLDs at 40 CFR 63,Subpart EEE, which apply to Portland cement plants.NOTE 340 CFR 63.1206 (c)(8) and (9) requires that BLDs and PMDs“be certified by the manufacturer to be capable of detecting particulat
13、ematter emissions at concentrations of 1.0 milligrams per actual cubicmeter unless you demonstrate under 63.1209(g), that a higher detectionlimit would routinely detect particulate matter loadings during normaloperations.” This practice includes specific procedures for determinationand reporting of
14、the detection limit for each PMD or BLD model.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regul
15、atory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD6216 Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Cer-tify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifi-cations1This practice is under the jurisdiction of A
16、STM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheresand Source Emissions.Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published September 2014. Originallyapproved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D7392 07. DOI:10.1520/D7392-07R13
17、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
18、C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D6831 Test Method for Sampling and Determining Particu-late Matter in Stack Gases Using an In-Stack, InertialMicrobalance2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Documents:340 CFR 63, Subpart EEE National Emission Standards forHazardous Air Pollu
19、tants: Final Standards for HazardousAir Pollutants for Hazardous Waste Combustors2.3 Other Documents:4ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Management and Quality SystemElements-GuidelinesANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories andMeasuring Equipment - General Requirements3. Terminology3.1 For terminology re
20、levant to this practice, see Terminol-ogy D1356.3.1.1 Definitions for transmittance measurement equipment(that is, opacity monitors) are provided in Practice D6216.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Analyzer Equipment3.2.1 bag leak detector BLD, nan instrument installeddownstream of
21、a fabric filter control device that interacts witha PM-laden effluent stream and produces an output signal ofsufficient accuracy and repeatability to track changes in PMcontrol device performance and, together with appropriate dataanalysis, indicates the need to inspect the fabric filter asreference
22、d in the Federal Register, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE.BLDs are used to track rapid changes in PM concentration andmust have sufficient dynamic range to track both “peaks” andbaseline PM levels and include provisions for adjusting theaveraging period, alarm delay, and alarm set point appropriatefor sourc
23、e-specific conditions. BLDs must also include provi-sions to detect faults or malfunctions of the measurementsystem.3.2.2 particulate matter detector PMD, nan instrumentthat interacts with a PM-laden effluent stream and produces anoutput signal of significant accuracy and repeatability so as toindic
24、ate significant changes in the concentration of particulatematerial entrained in the effluent downstream of an electro-static precipitator or fabric filter as referenced in the FederalRegister, 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE. PMDs are used to trackchanges in PM concentrations using six-hour rolling averages
25、,updated each hour with a new one-hour block average. PMDsmust also include provisions to activate an alarm and detectfaults or malfunctions of the measurement system.3.2.2.1 DiscussionPMDs and BLDs are inherently infer-ential monitoring devices that sense some parameter which, inthe absence of inte
26、rfering effects, is directly related to PMconcentrations.3.2.2.2 DiscussionThis practice does not discriminate be-tween measurement techniques but instead provides designspecifications and performance standards that all devices mustsatisfy to be acceptable as a PMD or BLD for a cement kilnthat burns
27、 hazardous waste. Techniques for continuously mea-suring PM include optical transmittance (“opacity”), dynamicopacity (“scintillation”), optical scatter (side, forward and backscatter), and probe electrification (sensors based on induction,contact charge transfer, or combination of effects).NOTE 4Ex
28、tractive systems using Beta attenuation to sense PMdeposited on filters are used as PM CEMS but can not meet the samplingand analysis frequency required by EPA regulations for PMDs and BLDs.3.2.2.3 DiscussionPMD and BLD instruments that con-form to the requirements of this practice include automated
29、internal mechanisms that are used to verify proper performanceof the measurement device on a daily basis, or more frequentbasis if recommended by the manufacturer. PMD instrumentsinclude mechanisms to facilitate external periodic audits of themeasured parameter.3.2.3 light-scatter, nthe extent to wh
30、ich a beam of light isreflected, refracted, or diffracted via interaction with PM in amedium such that a measurable portion of the original beamsenergy is redirected outside the original angle of projection.3.2.3.1 DiscussionBack-scatter is generically defined asscattering in excess of 150 degrees f
31、rom the direction of theoriginal projected beam, side-scatter is generically defined asscattering between 30 degrees and 150 degrees from theoriginal direction, and forward-scatter is generically defined asscattering of less than 30 degrees from the projected beam.3.2.3.2 DiscussionBecause the corre
32、lation between theintensity and angular distribution of light scattering and theactual PM mass concentration is dependent on factors such asparticle size, particle shape, wavelength of light, particledensity, etc., this practice is limited to: (a) verification of thestability, linearity, and interfe
33、rence rejection of the measure-ment of scattered light, and (b) verification of the instrumentsensitivity and detection limit. This practice does not recom-mend any specific light-scattering technology, and leaves theevaluation of the application to the discretion of the user of aBLD or PMD.3.2.3.3
34、DiscussionA light-scatter BLD or PMD may in-clude the following: (a) sample interface equipment such asfilters and purge air blowers to protect the instrument andminimize contamination of exposed optical surfaces, (b) shut-ters or other devices to provide protection during poweroutages or failure of
35、 the sample interface, and (c) a remotecontrol unit to facilitate monitoring the output of theinstrument, initiation of zero and upscale calibration checks, orcontrol of other BLD or PMD functions.3.2.4 dynamic opacity, nthe amount of light variationcaused by particles traversing a cross-stack beam
36、of transmit-ted light.3.2.4.1 DiscussionDynamic opacity instruments measurethe alternating component of the transmitted light and aresometimes referred to as scintillation instruments.3.2.4.2 DiscussionIn certain dynamic instruments themeasured alternating signal (light variation) is divided by thea
37、verage transmitted light intensity signal to provide a ratiomeasurement. This ratio is unaffected by optics contamination.3Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.4Available
38、from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.D7392 07 (2013)23.2.5 probe electrification, nmethods by which the chargecarried on PM creates a signal in a grounded sensing rodthrough charge induction, contact, or combination.3.2.5
39、.1 DiscussionProbe electrification instruments mea-sure the current produced by charged particles passing orimpacting a grounded sensing rod. Certain instruments mea-sure the DC component of the signal, theAC component of thesignal or both the DC and AC components of the signal.3.2.5.2 DiscussionPro
40、be electrification instruments can beused after fabric filters where the particle charge is relativelyconstant. The influence of changing velocity should be consid-ered when considering using probe electrification devices inapplications with variable speed fans or variable flow.3.2.6 BLD or PMD meas
41、uring volume, nthe spatial regionin which the particles interact with the instrument to produce ameasurable signal.3.2.6.1 DiscussionFor light scattering or transmittanceinstruments, the measuring volume is the spatial region wherethe projected light and the field of view of the detector opticsoverl
42、ap in which the PM concentration can be detected viascattering of light or reduction of transmittance. For probeelectrification instruments the measuring volume is the areanear the sensing probe.3.2.7 nominal full scale, nthe default, as-shipped fullscale calibration of a BLD or PMD, based on standa
43、rd gainsand offset settings established during field performance testsunder Section 7.3.2.7.1 DiscussionThe nominal full scale (NFS) will bedetermined by the manufacturer by means of data taken as partof the verification of instrument sensitivity and detection limiton at least one representative cem
44、ent kiln installation.3.2.8 BLD or PMD model, na specific BLD or PMDconfiguration identified by the specific measurement systemdesign, including: (a) the use of specific source, detector(s),lenses, mirrors, and other components, (b) the physical ar-rangement of principal components, (c) the specific
45、 electronicsconfiguration and signal processing approach, (d) the specificcalibration check mechanisms and drift/dust compensationdevices and approaches, and (e) the specific software versionand data processing algorithms, as implemented by a particularmanufacturer and subject to an identifiable qua
46、lity assurancesystem.3.2.8.1 DiscussionMinor changes to software or dataoutputs that do not affect data processing algorithms or statusoutputs are not be considered as a model change provided thatthe manufacturer documents all such changes and provides asatisfactory explanation in a report.3.2.8.2 D
47、iscussionSoftware installed on external devices,including external computer systems, and used for processingof the PMD or BLD output to generate average values oractivate alarms is not considered part of the PMD or BLDmonitoring device.3.2.8.3 DiscussionFor the purposes of this practice, theBLD or P
48、MD includes the following components which aredescribed in subsequent sections: (a) internal zero and upscaleperformance check devices to evaluate instrument drifts whileinstalled on a stack or duct; (b) apparatus and means toquantify, independent of the internal zero and upscale perfor-mance check
49、devices, the degree to which the response of theBLD or PMD has changed over a period of time.Analyzer Zero Adjustments and Devices3.2.9 external zero audit device, nan external device forchecking the zero alignment or performance of the measure-ment system either by simulating with a surrogate the zero-PMcondition for a specific installed BLD or PMD or by creatingthe actual zero-particulate condition.3.2.10 internal zero performance check device, nan auto-mated mechanism within a BLD or PMD that simulates a zeroPM condition while the instrument i
