1、Designation: D7547 14bD7547 15 An American National StandardStandard Specification forHydrocarbon Unleaded Aviation Gasoline1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7547; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、 the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract a
3、nd is intendedprimarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 Unleaded aviation gasoline defined by this specification is for use in engines and associated aircraft that are specificallyapproved by the engine and aircraft manufacturers. This fuel is not considered suitable for use in other engines and
4、associatedaircraft that are certified to use only leaded aviation gasolines of the same octane grade.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the timeand place of delivery.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regard
5、ed as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determi
6、ne the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip TestD323 Test Method for Vapor Pres
7、sure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation FuelsD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrom
8、eter MethodD2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation FuelsD2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate FuelsD2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of S
9、park-Ignition Engine FuelD2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption SpectroscopyD3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD3341 Test Method for Lead in GasolineIodine Monochlorid
10、e MethodD4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density MeterD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum ProductsD4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing InhibitorsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Produ
11、ctsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace ContaminationD4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation FuelsD4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)1 This specification i
12、s under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engine Fuels.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Nov. 1, 2015. Published October 2014November 2015.
13、Originally approved in 2009. Last previous edition approved in 2014 asD7547 14a.D7547 14b. DOI: 10.1520/D7547-14B.10.1520/D7547-15.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume informat
14、ion, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depic
15、t all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM Internationa
16、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel SystemsD5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation FuelsD5059 Test Methods for Lead
17、 in Gasoline by X-Ray SpectroscopyD5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel SystemsD7547 152E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications3. Terminology3.1 Def
18、initions:3.1.1 unleaded aviation gasoline, ngasoline possessing specific properties suitable for fueling aircraft powered byreciprocating spark ignition engines, where lead is not intentionally added for the purpose of enhancing octane performance.3.1.1.1 DiscussionPrincipal properties include volat
19、ility limits, stability, detonation-free performance in the engine for which it is intended, andsuitability for low temperature performance.4. Classification4.1 One gradeTwo grades of unleaded aviation gasoline isare provided, known as: Grade UL 91.Grades UL91 and UL94.NOTE 1Grade UL 91 is Grades UL
20、91 and UL94 are based on itstheir octane number as measured by Test Method D2700 motor method.5. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refinedhydrocarbons derived from crude petroleum, natural gasoline
21、, or blends, thereof, with synthetic hydrocarbons or aromatichydrocarbons, or both.5.2 AdditivesThese may be added to each grade of unleaded aviation gasoline in the amount and of the composition specifiedin the following list of approved materials. The quantities and types shall be declared by the
22、manufacturer. Additives added afterthe point of manufacture shall also be declared.5.2.1 AntioxidantsThe following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the gasoline separately, or in combination, in totalconcentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fu
23、el.5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.5.2.1.2 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.3 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.5 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 % max
24、imum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiarybutylphenols.5.2.1.7 N,N-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.1.8 N,N-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.5.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)O
25、ne of the following may be used:5.2.2.1 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May beused in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.D7547 153NOTE 2Addition of isopropyl
26、alcohol (IPA) can reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values (see X1.2.3).35.2.2.2 Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III)may be used in concentrations of 0.10 % volume to 0.15 % volume when required by the aircraft
27、 owner/operator.5.2.2.3 Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity AdditiveStadis 4504 in concentrations up to 33 mg mg/L L is permitted. When loss of fuelconductivity necessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity a
28、dditive, further addition is permissible up to a maximumcumulative level of 55 mg mg/L L of Stadis 450.45.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor AdditiveThe following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the gasoline in concentrations not toexceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.
29、DCI-4A MAC = 24 g/m3DCI-6A MAC = 15 g/m3HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m3NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m3UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m3SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m3TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m36. Detailed Requirements6.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline shall conform to the
30、 requirements prescribed in Table 1.6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance shall bemade for the precision of the test methods. To determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a test result may berounded to th
31、e same number of significant figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple determinations are made, theaverage result, rounded according to Practice E29, shall be used.7. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance7.1 The unleaded aviation gasoline specified in this specification shall be free fr
32、om undissolved water, sediment, and suspendedmatter. The odor of the fuel shall not be nauseating or irritating. No substances of known dangerous toxicity under usual conditionsof handling and use shall be present.8. Sampling8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling procedures in establishing
33、 fuel quality, use the appropriate procedures inPractice D4057 or Practice D4177.8.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice D4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial refinery specificationcompliance testing shall be performed on a sample taken following procedures in Practice D405
34、7.8.2 A number of unleaded aviation gasoline properties, including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others are verysensitive to trace contamination which can originate from sample containers. For recommended sample containers, refer to PracticeD4306.9. Report9.1 The type and number of
35、reports to ensure conformance with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually agreedto by the purchaser and the supplier of the unleaded aviation gasoline.10. Test Methods10.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM te
36、stmethods:10.1.1 Knock Value (MON)Test Method D2700.10.1.2 DensityTest Methods D1298 or D4052.10.1.3 DistillationTest Method D86.10.1.4 Vapor PressureTest Methods D323 or D5191.10.1.5 Freezing PointTest Method D2386.10.1.6 SulfurTest Method D2622.10.1.7 Net Heat of CombustionTest Methods D4529, D333
37、8or , or D3338D4809.10.1.8 Corrosion (Copper Strip)Test Method D130, 2 h test at 100 C in bomb.3 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1526.4 Stadis is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec, Inc., Innospec Ma
38、nufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.D7547 154TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for Unleaded Aviation GasolineAOctane Ratings Grade 91 ASTM Test MethodBKnock value, Motor Octane NumberC min 91.0 D2700Knock value, Research Octane NumberC min 96.0 D2699Density at 15 C,
39、kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation D86Initial boiling point, C ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume % at C max 7540 volume % at C min 7550 volume % at C max 10590 volume % at C max 135Final boiling point, C max 170Sum of 10% + 50% evaporated temperatures, C min 135Recovery volume % min 97Residue volu
40、me % max 1.5Loss volume % max 1.5Vapor pressure 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191DFreezing point, C max 58E D2386Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D2622Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgF min 43.5 D4529 or D3338Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130Oxidation stability (5 h aging)G D873Potential g
41、um, mg/100 mL max 6Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450H D2624Lead Content, g/L (g/U.S. gal) max 0.013 (0.05) D3237 or D5059Tetraethyl Lead, g Pb/L max 0.0130 D3237 or D5059IIdentifying Color OrangeDye Content, mg/LJ max 6.0TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements fo
42、r Leaded Aviation GasolinesAGradeUL91GradeUL94 ASTM Test MethodBPropertyCOMBUSTIONOctane RatingKnock value, Motor Octane NumberC min 91.0 94.0 D2700Net heat of combustion, MJ/kgD min 43.5 43.5 D4529 or D3338COMPOSITIONSulfur, mass percent max 0.05 0.05 D2622Tetraethyl lead, g Pb/L max 0.0130 0.0130
43、D3237 or D5059Requirements for All GradesVOLATILITYVapor pressure, 38 C, kPa minmax38.049.0D323 or D5191EDensity at 15 C, kg/m3 Report D1298 or D4052Distillation, C D86Initial boiling point ReportFuel Evaporated10 volume percent at C max 7540 volume percent at C min 7550 volume percent at C max 1059
44、0 volume percent at C max 135Final boiling point max 170Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporated tem-peraturesmin 135Recovery volume percent min 97Residue volume percent max 1.5Loss volume percent max 1.5FLUIDITYFreezing point, C max 58F D2386CORROSIONCopper strip, 2 h at 100 C max No. 1 D130CONTAMINANTSOxidat
45、ion stability, mg/100 mL(5 h aging)GD873Potential gum max 6Lead precipitate max 3Water reaction D1094Volume change, mL max 2OTHERElectrical conductivity, pS/m max 450H D2624D7547 15510.1.9 Potential GumTest Method D873 except that wherever the letter X occurs (referring to oxidation time) insert the
46、number 5, designating the number of hours prescribed in this specification.10.1.10 Water ReactionTest Method D1094.10.1.11 Electrical ConductivityTest Method D2624.10.1.12 Lead ContentTest Method D3237 and D3341D5059.11. Keywords11.1 Avgas; aviation gasoline; gasoline; unleaded Avgas; unleaded aviat
47、ion gasolineAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF UNLEADED AVIATION GASOLINEX1.1 IntroductionX1.1.1 Unleaded aviation gasoline is a complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons that vary widely in their physical andchemical properties. The engines and aircraft i
48、mpose a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical environments. The propertiesof unleaded aviation gasoline (Table X1.1) shall be properly balanced to give satisfactory engine performance over an extremelywide range of conditions.X1.1.2 The ASTM requirements summarized in Table 1 are quality lim
49、its established on the basis of the broad experience andclose cooperation of producers of unleaded aviation gasoline, manufacturers of aircraft engines, and users of both commodities.The values given are intended to define unleaded aviation gasoline suitable for most types of spark-ignition aviation engines;however, certain equipment or conditions of use may require fuels having other characteristics.X1.1.3 Specifications covering antiknock quality defines the grade of unleaded aviation gasoline. The other requirements ei
